1. Central European Monarchs Clash
Chapter 21, Section 3
Page 526

2. But First…. What religion did France follow? Catholicism
Which European family did Frances’s kings and cardinals view as their biggest competition?
Hapsburg Family (Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands)
Which religion was the Hapsburg family?
Catholic

3. For a short time, it seemed the Peace of Augsburg (German Princes could choose religion of their state) had settled religious differences
After the peace agreement, Catholic and Lutheran princes of Germany eyed each other closely while trying to gain followers
Churches in Germany could be Catholic or Lutheran but not Calvinist

4. Protestants vs. Catholics
As tension mounted, Lutherans joined together in the Protestant Union, and Catholic princes formed the Catholic League
Any spark between the two would set off war

5. That spark came in 1618
Ferdinand II, head of the Hapsburg family, and ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia

6. The Thirty Years War
Protestants in Bohemia didn’t trust Ferdinand because he was catholic and a foreigner
Ferdinand closed some Protestant churches, leading to revolt and giving some Protestant princes a chance to challenge the Catholic Emperor
This began the Thirty Years War- a conflict over religion, territory, and power among European families

7. The First 12 Years- Hapsburg Triumphs
The Thirty Years War lasted from
There were 2 main phases: The Hapsburg triumphs, and Hapsburg defeats
For the first 12 years, Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed troops hired by Protestant princes, and defeated the German Protestants who supported the Czechs

8. Ferdinand paid his army of 125,000 by allowing them to rob German villages
Huge army destroyed everything in its path

9. A Shift- the Hapsburg Defeats
1630, Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden drove Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany with his army of 13,000
Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin of France dominated the remaining years of the war even though they were Catholic

10. Catholic Cardinals Fight The Catholics
The 2 cardinals feared the Hapsburgs more than the Protestants, and didn’t want any ruler in Europe to have as much power as the French king
Richelieu sent French troops to join German and Swedish Protestants against the Hapsburg armies

11. Damage War did damage to Germany:
-population dropped from 20 million to 16 million
-agriculture was disrupted
-economy ruined
Damage caused delay in Germany becoming a unified state until the 1800s.

13. Peace of Westphalia 1648 ended the war, but had important consequences
1)Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
2)Strengthened France by awarding it German territory
3) Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor
4) Ended religious wars in Europe
5) Introduced new method of peace negotiations still used today

14. Beginning of Modern States
Treaty got rid of the idea of a Catholic empire that would rule Europe
Recognized Europe as a group of independent states
The beginning of a modern state system was the most important result of the 30 Years War

15. Central Europe
Formation of nation states happened slowly in central Europe
Major powers of region were Poland, Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire

17. Economy of central Europe developed differently than western Europe
In the west, serfs headed to towns for freedom, joining the middle class
In central Europe, nobles passed laws forbidding the serfs to leave the land, and worked them 6 days a week to produce harvests that they sold to western Europe

18. NOT an Absolute Monarchy
Land owning nobles in central Europe blocked the development of strong kings
Poland, for example, elected the Polish king, and limited his power by allowing little income, no law courts, and no standing army
2 empires once huge became weak
-the Ottoman Empire due to weak leaders
-the Holy Roman Empire by the 30 Years War

19. More Hapsburgs
In the late 1600s, 2 German-speaking families decided to try and take power by becoming absolute rulers themselves
One was the Hapsburgs of Austria
Even after the Thirty Years War, Austria remained the strongest state within Holy Roman Empire
During the war they were able to recapture Bohemia, wipe out Protestantism there,. And create a new Czech nobility that pledged their loyalty
Created a standing army and took Hungary from Ottomans

20. 1711 Charles VI became Hapsburg ruler
He spent his entire reign persuading other leaders in Europe to sign an agreement recognizing his daughter, Maria Theresa as full heir to all his territories
He had hoped hers would be a peaceful reign, but instead was filled with war

21. Rise of Prussia Like Austria, Prussia rose to power in late 1600s
Like Austria’s ruling family, the Hapsburg’s, Prussia’s ruling family the Hohenzollerns, also had plans to upset the balance of power in central Europe

22. The Hohenzollerns-Fredrick William
Fredrick William, 20 years old, thought a strong army was the only way to ensure safety
He moved toward an absolute monarchy and created a standing army- the best in Europe- 80,000 men
Prussia’s landowning nobility, the Junkers, resisted the kings power
William bought their cooperation by giving them exclusive right to be officers in the army

23. Fredrick William
He could’ve played
for Van Halen!

24. Fredrick the Great
Fredrick William was worried his son, Fredrick II, was not military enough to rule
The prince loved books, reading, philosophy, music, poetry and art
When Fredrick and his close friend were caught trying to run away, his father, the king, ordered his son to witness his friends beheading

25. Frederick the Great
Despite his bitter memories, Frederick II became known as Frederick the Great
He followed his fathers military policies
He did soften some laws because he thought a ruler should be like a father to his people

26. Maria Theresa
Became ruler of Austria months after Frederick became king of Prussia
Had 16 children-most famous was Marie Antoinette
As empress, she decreased the power of the nobility and cared more for peasants well being

27. Maria vs. Frederick
Frederick wanted the Austrian land of Silesia, which bordered Prussia and Poland
Frederick assumed since she was a woman, Maria Theresa wouldn’t defend her lands
In 1740, he sent his army to occupy Silesia, beginning the war of the Austrian Succession

29. Please Help!!
Even though Maria Theresa had just given birth, she went to Hungary, and holding her infant in her arms, she begged the Hungarian nobility for aid
Hungarian nobles resented their Hapsburg rulers, but offered to give Maria an army

30. Bigger Powers Take Sides
Great Britain also joined Austria to fight its long time enemy France, who was Prussia’s ally
Maria Theresa did stop Prussia’s aggression, but lost Silesia at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748

31. Switch-a-roo
Maria Theresa decided that the French kings were not a threat to Austria, and made an alliance with them
When Frederick heard of this news, he signed a treaty with Britain-Austria’s former ally

32. Austria ‘s France
And
Great Britain ‘s Prussia

33. Now, Austria, France, Russia and some others were allied against Britain and Prussia
Not only had Austria and Prussia switched allies, but for the first time, Russia was playing a part in European affairs

34. The Seven Years War
In 1756, Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally
Soon every great European power was involved in a war that was fought in Europe, India and North America
The war lasted until 1763, called the Seven Years War
The end result didn’t change the territorial situation in Europe

35. Saxony is part of Germany