بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم 1. مدرسعنوانتاریخردیف دكتر گرگينمقدمه و خصوصيات عمومي پاسخ هاي ايمنيسه شنبه 20/11/941 دكتر سالاريسلول ها ي سيستم ايمنيیک شنبه 25/11/942.

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم 1

مدرسعنوانتاریخردیف دكتر گرگينمقدمه و خصوصيات عمومي پاسخ هاي ايمنيسه شنبه 20/11/941 دكتر سالاريسلول ها ي سيستم ايمنيیک شنبه 25/11/942 دكتر تقدسيارگان هاي سيستم ايمنيسه شنبه 27/11/943 دكتر سالاريگردش و لانه گزيني لنفوسيت هایکشنبه 2/12/944 دكتر سالاريايمني ذاتي و اجزاء آن سه شنبه 4/12/945 دكتر گرگينآنتي ژن و ایمونوژنیکشنبه 9/12/946 دكتر گرگینآنتي بادي و TCR: ساختمان، انواع كلاس ها و مشخصاتسه شنبه 11/12/947 دکتر تقدسیواكنش هاي آنتي ژن- آنتي بادي و كاربردهاي آنیکشنبه 16/12/948 دکتر سالاریانواع سایتوکاین ها و نقش آنها در سیستم ایمنیسه شنبه 18/12/949 دكتر تقدسيآنتي ژنهاي اصلي سازگاري بافتي ((MHCسه شنبه 25/12/9410 دكتر تقدسيسازوکارهای سلولی و مولکولی پردازش و عرضه آنتي ژنیکشنبه 15/1/9511 دكتر سالاریژنتيك آنتي بادي و TCRسه شنبه 17/1/9512 دكتر سالاريمراحل تکامل و بلوغ لنفوسيت­های B و Tیکشنبه 22/1/9513 دكتر گرگيننحوه فعال سازي لنفوسيت هاي T در پاسخ به آنتي ژنسه شنبه 24/1/95 14 دكتر گرگينمكانيسم هاي اجرايي ايمني سلولي (سلول T)یکشنبه 29/1/95 15

دكتر سالارينحوه فعال سازي و پاسخ لنفوسيت هاي B به آنتي ژنسه شنبه 31/1/9516 دكتر سالاريمكانيسم هاي اجرايي ايمني هومورال و كمپلمانیکشنبه 5/2/9517 دكتر تقدسيايمني مخاطي و نواحي معاف از سيستم ايمنيسه شنبه 7/2/9518 دكتر تقدسيايمنوتولرانس ( تحمل ايمني ) یکشنبه 12/2/9519 دكتر سالاري مکانیسم ­ های دفاع میزبان در برابر انواع میکروب ­ ها، واکسن و واکسیناسیونسه شنبه 14/2/9520 دكتر گرگينايمنولوژي توموریکشنبه 19/2/9521 دكتر تقدسيايمنولوژي پيوندسه شنبه 21/2/9522 دكتر گرگين ايمنوهماتولوژي یکشنبه 26/2/9523 دكتر گرگينحساسيت شديد نوع I ( آلرژي ) سه شنبه 28/2/9524 دكتر گرگينحساسيت شديد نوع II IV, III, سه شنبه 4/3/9525 دكتر تقدسيخودایمنی و بیمارهای خودايمنيیک شنبه 9/3/9526 دكتر تقدسيکمبودها ( نقائص ) ايمنيسه شنبه 11/3/9527 منابع: 1- Cellular & molecular Immunology, by: Abul K. Abbas and A. H. Lichman (8 th edition 2015) 2- Medical Immunology, by: D. Stites et al. (last edition) 3- ایمنولوژِی تالیف دکتر محمد وجگانی، آخرین چاپ

سنجش و ارزیابی ساعتتاریخ سهم از نمره کل(بر حسب درصد) روشآزمون شروع جلسههر سه شنبه 7% نمره تستیکوئیز شنبه 1/21/ 95 35% نمره تستی آزمون میان ترم 55% نمرهتستی و تشریحی آزمون پایان ترم 3% نمرهپرسش و پاسخ حضور فعال در کلاس مقررات کلاس و انتظارات از دانشجو: 1- حضور منظم و بدون غیبت در کلاس 2- انتظار حضور سر وقت دانشجو در کلاس 3- انتظار مطالعه یا نگاه مروری بر مطلب ارائه شده در هر جلسه قبل از کلاس

Introduction to immunology (Properties and Overview of Immune Responses)

6 اصطلاح Immunity از واژه Immunitas به معني مصون و معاف از ماليات و تعقيب قانوني گرفته شده است. مصونيتي كه بدنبال ابتلا اوليه به برخي از بيماريها در مقابل آنها حاصل مي شود، اساس شكل گيري واژه ايمني است. از قديم روشهايي براي مصون سازي در مقابل برخي از بيماريها در جوامع مختلف وجود داشته است. اما اولین مدارک مستند در قرن پانزده از چين و تركيه عثماني بدست آمده است. در چين از استنشاق پوسته هاي خشك شده پوستولهاي پوستي بيماران بهبود يافته از آبله براي مصون سازي افراد استفاده مي شده و در تركيه از تلقيح آنها.

As early as AD 1000, the ancient Chinese custom existed of having children inhale powders made from the crusty skin lesions of patients recovering from smallpox.

8 (1798)اولين تلاش علمي براي ايجاد ايمني توسط ادوارد جنر صورت گرفت (1798)..جنر مايع حاصل از زخم هاي پوستي افراد مبتلا به آبله گاوي را با خراش پوستي به يك پسر بچه منتقل كرد، سپس 2 ماه بعد مايع تاول پوستي فرد مبتلا به آبله انساني را به او منتقل كرد و مشاهده كرد كه پسربچه سالم ماند. بعد ها پاستور از كشت كهنه عامل وباي جوجه، ساخت و بدنبال آن بر عليه سياه زخم گوسفند و هاري واكسن ساخت.بعد ها پاستور از كشت كهنه عامل وباي جوجه، واكسن ساخت و بدنبال آن بر عليه سياه زخم گوسفند و هاري واكسن ساخت. اين روش ايمن سازي به احترام جنر، واكسيناسيون (بر گرفته از Vaccina) خوانده شد.

9

Edward Jenner ( ) Jenner vaccination “Vaccinia (cowpox)” & “human smallpox”

11

Brief History of Immunology 1. Empirical Immunology (AD ) 2. Scientific Immunology ( s) 3. Modern Immunology (1960s-Present)

 Von Behring (1854~1917) discovered the antitoxin and the principles of antiserum therapy. He established one of the first corporations to product immunologic products.

.Elie Metchnikoff ( ) discovery of phagocytosis. Shared the Nobel Prize with Ehrlich in Paul Ehrlich (1854~1915). Selective theories(1900 ). The side-chain specificity was determined before its exposure to Ag, and the Ag selected the appropriate side-chain receptor.

Clonal selection theory and immune tolerance

The clonal selection hypothesis

MHC

Monoclonal Antibody

Susumu Tonegawa is a Japanese Scientist who won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1987 " for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" Antibody Diversity

Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel Winner of 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cellsNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicineimmune system

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity".

22 Immune System Immune system: The cells and molecules responsible for immunity. Immune response: Collective and coordinated response of Immune system to foreign substances. The physiological function of the immune system is defense against infectious microbes & microbial products & also tumors.

Immune response: is a reaction of the Immune system to components of microbes as well as to macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, and small chemicals that are recognized as foreign. Immunology: is the study of immune responses in this broader sense and of the cellular and molecular events that occur after an organism encounters microbes and other foreign macromolecules.

Immunity against microbes is mediated by: 1. 1.Innate (natural) immunity: Early, rapid responses, but limited & non-specific. ed) immunity: 2. Adaptive (acquired) immunity: Take time but powerful, specific & have memory. Induced by Lymphocytes (B & T cells) 24 Types of IMMUNITY

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Innate immunity Innate immunity (natural or native immunity): provides the early line of defense against microbes – –It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even before infection and respond rapidly to infections. – –These mechanisms react to microbes & their products & injured cells, and they respond in essentially the same way to repeated infections. 27

Components of innate immunity 1.Chemical 1.Physical and Chemical barriers: Skin and Mucosal Epithelia and anti-microbial chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces Phagocytic cells (Neutrophils, Macrophages), Dendritic cells, & Natural killer (NK) cells Blood proteins: members of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation Cytokines: Proteins that regulate and coordinate many of the activities of the cells of innate & adaptive immunity.

29 INNATE IMMUNITY Barriers 1- Anatomic (physical) Chemical barriers: A. Skin o o Epidermis: Epithelial cell layers and antimicrobial chemicals (fatty acids & acidic PH and microbial normal flora). o o Dermis: Dipper layer of skin which contain blood vessels, nerves, sweet glands and hair follicles.

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B. Mucosal membrane: o o Epithelial layer o o Mucus & Beating cilia, o o Tears, saliva, urine, stomach acid. o o Lysozyme 2- Phagocytic cells (Macrophages & Neutrophile), Dendritic cells, NK cells, Mast cells, basophiles & Eosinophiles, Platelets.

3- Blood proteins Complement System: Plasma & membrane proteins that when activated can induce inflammation, lysis bacteria, facilitate phagocytosis. Kinin system, Fibrinolitic system, Inflammation: is a defense mechanisms in which blood cells and proteins migrate to the site of infection to combat microbes. – –Inflammation sign: Redness, Swelling, Heat & Pain 32

Leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation

4- Cytokines: – –Hormone like proteins which produce by leukocytes & other cells and affect Immune cells. – –Include: Interleukins (IL-1 to IL-35), Interferon (IFN-α, IFN-β & IFN-γ), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), …… 34

Adaptive immunity Adaptive Immunity: stimulated by exposure to microbes and with re-exposure make a faster and more powerful responses. Because this form of immunity develops as a response to infection and adapts to the infection, it is called adaptive immunity. It has a huge capacity to distinguish between different microbes and molecules, and for this reason it is also called Specific immunity

Types of Adaptive Immuny There are two types of adaptive immune: 1. 1.Humoral immunity is mediated by molecules in the blood and mucosal secretions, called antibodies, which are produced by B lymphocytes. 2. Cell-mediated immunity, also called cellular immunity, is mediated by T lymphocytes.

38 Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immune Responses 1. 1.Specificity 2. 2.Diversity 3. 3.Memory 4. 4.Clonal expansion 5. 5.Specialization 6. 6.Contraction & homeostasis 7. 7.Non-reactivity to self

39 )Specificity1- ويژگي ( ایمنی اکتسابی آنتی ژنها و در اصل بخش های مختلف یک آنتی ژن را بطور اختصاصی شناسایی می کند. این سیستم هر بخش از آنتی ژن را بوسیله یک رسپتور اختصاصی شناسایی می کند. Diversity.سیستم ایمنی قادر است 9 10 شاخص آنتی ژنی مختلف را شناسایی کند. برای هر یک از این آنتی ژنها یک لنفوسیت اختصاصی وجود دارد که آنتی ژن را از طریق رسپتور اختصاصی شناسایی می کند، لذا لنفوسیت ها متنوع هستند. )Diversity2- تنوع (

40 ) Immunological memory3- خاطره ايمني ( توانایی سیستم ایمنی در ایجاد پاسخ سریعتر و قوی تر بر علیه پاتوژنی که قبلا با آن برخورد داشته است را خاطره ایمنی گویند. - Secondary exposure to specific antigen elicits a stronger & faster immune reaction

4- Clonal expansion لنفوسيت هايي كه اختصاصي یک آنتي ژن باشند، پس از برخورد با آن آنتی ژن فعال شده و تكثير پيدا مي كنند و كلون های سلولي را بوجود مي آورند. سلولهايي كه از تكثير يك سلول حاصل مي شوند، را يك كلون سلولي نامند. 5- Specialization سیستم ایمنی برای افزایش خاصیت ضد میکروبی، در مقابل هر میکروب پاسخ مجزا و ویژه ای می دهد. در مقابل باکتریهای خارج سلولی پاسخ هومورال و در مقابل باکتری های داخل سلولی پاسخ سلولی می دهد.

42 – –همه پاسخ های ایمنی پس از حذف آنتی ژن کنترل می شوند، در نتیجه فعال سازی لنفوسیتها متوقف شده و تعداد آنها بتدریج کاهش می یابد و در بدن هموستاز برقرار شود. 7- Non-reactivity to self – –سیستم ایمنی توانایی شناسایی خودی از بیگانه را دارد. به همین دلیل در حالیکه به آنتی ژنهای بیگانه پاسخ می دهد ، نسبت به آنتی ژنهای خودی واکنشی نشان نمی دهد. 6- Contraction & homeostasis

Cellular Components of the Adaptive Immune System The principal cells of the immune system are: – –Lymphocytes: B cells, T cells ( T helper, T cytotoxic & T regulator). – –Antigen presenting cells (APC): Dendritic cells. – –Effector cells: Macrophages & other cells.

Type of Adaptive lmmunity based on origin 1.Active Immunity: host immune system origin 2.Passive Immunity: Foreign origin

47 1- Active: – Naturally: Recovery from disease – Artificially: Vaccination 2- Passive: – Naturally: Placental transfer of antibody – Artificially: Administration of antitoxin Types of Specific Immunity ( origin)

Overview of Immune Responses to Microbes The Innate Immune Response to Microbes: –Inflammation –Anti-viral defense: Production of Interferon which make cells resistant to viral infection and killing of virus-infected cells by NK cells. The Adaptive Immune Response: –Secreted antibodies –Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) –T helper & Phagocytes 48

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