1. Immunity Ch
Microbiology

2. Immunology
Study of how the body protects against and responds to pathogens or disease to keep you healthy.

3. Overview of Immune System
Protects against disease (pathogens)
Three Levels of Defense
Physical & Chemical barriers- skin, mucous, flora
Innate-immediate non-specific, inflammation, phagocytes
Adaptive (acquired)-slower, develops over time, specific, antibodies

4. 11.1 Organs of the Immune System
Thymus
Spleen
Tonsils
Bone marrow

5. 11.1 Tissues of the Immune System
Lymph Vessels
Lymph nodes
Adenoids
Skin
Liver

6. 11.1 Cells of the Immune System
Hematopoietic stem cells
Innate Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Phagocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Natural killer (NK) cells

7. 11.1 Cells of the Immune System
Adaptive Leukocytes (Lymphocytes)
B cells-bone marrow
T cells-thymus

8. 1.1 Human-Microbial Interactions
Human Microbiome Project
Flora-Mutualistic both benefit or Commensal-one benefits, other is not harmed
Skin-protection from pathogens
Gut-vitamins, hormones, protection, remove toxins & immune system development
Relatively few microbes are pathogenic

9. 11.2 Innate Immune Response
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Recognize infected or tumorigenic cells and kill them.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I molecules
Release perforin which makes the cells self-destruct (apoptosis)

10. 11.2 Physical & Chemical Barriers
Skin
Cilia-lungs
Tears
Mucus
Sweat
pH-stomach, vagina

11. 11.2 The Complement System
Around 20 soluble proteins help destroy extracellular microorganisms
Produced by the liver & macrophages
Proteins bind to invaders (non-self) (opsonization) to identify them for destruction.

12. 11.2 Pathogen Recognition
Pathogen-Associated molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Cytokines released, trigger inflammation
Interferons warn nearby cells, apoptosis
Interleukins help leukocytes
Phagocytosis

13. 11.3 Phagocytosis
Engulfment of foreign material in the body by a specialized cell
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

14. 11.3 Antigen-presenting B & T cells
Recognizes antigens derived from pathogens.
If you have a secondary infection from the same or a similar pathogen, memory B and T cells will give you immunity.
This natural process of creating immunity is enhanced artificially by the use of vaccines.

15. 11.4 The Complement System Three Biochemical Pathways: Classical
Alternative
Lectin
Four Functions:
Opsonization
Chemotaxis
Lysis
Clumping

16. 11.4 Innate Defenders
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) recognize molecules associated with pathogens
Iron-Binding Proteins remove iron from blood to limit pathogenic growth.
Antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria, found on skin and in blood

17. 11.5 Adaptive Immune Response
Humoral Response
Defends against pathogens using antibodies against pathogen- specific antigens.
B & T cells
Differentiation
Hematopoiesis (stem cells)

18. 11.6 Antigens & Antibodies Immunodeficiency
Failure to respond, HIV/AIDS
Antibody Functions
Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement activation