Video Production The Camera – another transducer
Video Scanning Process Pixels / lines / frames Persistence of vision NTSC 525 scan lines (480 used) x 640 rows 4:3 aspect ratio 30 fps interlaced fields
Video Scanning Process HDTV / DTV scan lines Interlaced or progressive scan 24, 30, or 60 frame rate DV Cameras / switchable aspect ratio Beta SX, DVCPro, DVCam/mini DV Sony disc / DVD type recording Memory Cards / Cloud Storage Ultra HD / 4K
Principles of video color Light hits CCD / CMOS (1 or 3 CCDs) Beam splitter splits into the 3 primary colors (electrical signals) Other end—CRT/LCD/LED/DLP 3 attributes of color Hue, saturation, luminance Chrominance : hue & saturation
Color (cont.) HUE... Primary colors: RGB Complementary colors Cyan, magenta, yellow White: all colors; Black: absence
Color continued... Saturation Intensity or vividness of color Hue & Saturation=chrominance / chroma Luminance / luma = brightness
Camera Lenses Focal length…how wide or narrow Fixed focal length Zoom Lens Distance from front to back glass Focus soft, sharp Depth of field / rack focus / selective
Camera Lenses Front focus to focus a zoom lens Back focus : use macro flange at back of lens F-stop aperture (iris opening) F-22, 16, 11, 8, 5.6, 4 (double/half) Don ’ t use to compensate for lighting Smaller number = more light
Cameras Consumer, Prosumer, Professional Video vs. Film High End Video Red – Epic Dragon
Camera Mounts & movements Pedestal or tripod Mounting head (types of friction) Camera movements Pan, tilt, truck, dolly, arc, zoom, boom, crane, steady-cam, tracking, DVE, robotic control
Camera Mounts & movements Field of view LS/WS, est. shot, MS, CU, chest shot, waist shot, knee shot, 2-shot, OTS, head room, look space, cut-off lines, lead room, POV Depth composition Rack focus, selective focus Angle : eye level/high/low/canted Symmetrical shots / asymmetrical
Mulicamera Video Switcher Analog / digital / DA conversion Input sources Cameras VTRS / Computer outputs Weather, CG, SS, animation computers Chyron / Quantel / paintbox / proprietary system Color bars, sync generator (house sync), frame syncronizer, TBC Remote signals
Outputs & Switcher operation Preview, Program Monitor, Program Line 30 fps or DTV? SEG Separate DVE unit (DVEous) Computer software program as a switcher (Video Toaster) Grass Valley Group / Ross
Functions of the switcher Program signal Cut, Fade, Dissolve, Wipe Super Chromakey DSK (luminance key) Banks and buses DVE
Commands Ready / Prepare Take / Dissolve / Wipe / ‘ Super ’ Roll Bump in / out Stand by / mic and cue Hand signals / time cues Cross arms-- :30 fist :15, wrap up, cut, stretch, 1/2/3 minutes, break ###