Ch. 9 – The Age of Jackson ► 8.4 – Students will analyze the aspirations of and ideas of the people of the new nation ► 8.8 – Students will analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the west from 1800 to the mid 1800’s and the challenges they faced ► 8.10 – Students will analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War

9.1 Jacksonian Democracy Vocabulary Jacksonian Democracy – The support for an increase in voting rights by lowering property requirements, abolishing the National Bank, and encouraging westward expansion.

2. nominating conventions – meetings where a political party selects its Presidential and V.P. candidates. 3. Democratic Party – a political party formed by supporters of A. Jackson after the election of 1824

4. John C. Calhoun – Politician and supporter of slavery, A. Jackson’s VP, instrumental in the SC “Nullification Crisis” 5. Spoils system – (patronage) the practice of giving government jobs to supporters

6. Martin Van Buren – Sec. of State under A. Jackson, 8 th President 7. Kitchen Cabinet – Pres. A. Jackson’s group of informal advisers, often met in the White House kitchen

9.1 Jacksonian Democracy Expansion of Democracy Many Americans began to feel left behind by the gov. and the economy These people rallied behind Jackson  believed he would defend the rights of the common man and slave states

Election of 1828 Rematch of 1824 Election John Q. Adams – National Republicans A. Jackson - Democrats Nasty election  personal attacks Jackson wins  rewards his supporters with govt. jobs  “spoils system” “to the victor go the spoils” Vs.

9.2 Jackson’s Administration Vocab: 1. 1.Tariff of Abominations – a tax on imports to protect northern manufacturers, the nickname was given by southerners who oppose it. 2. state’s rights doctrine –belief that states power should be greater than power of federal govt.

3. nullification crisis – a dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitution 4. Daniel Webster – An American lawyer and statesmen, he spoke out against nullification and state’s rights, believing that the country should stay unified

5. McCulloch v. Maryland – the Supreme Court case that declared the Second bank of the U.S. was constitutional and that Maryland could not interfere with it 6. Whig Party – a political party formed in 1834 by opponents of A. Jackson and who supported a strong legislature

9.2 Jackson’s Administration Sectional Differences Increase Regional differences play a major roll in Jackson’s Presidency 1. 1.The North Economy – trade & mfg. Supported tariffs so American goods could be sold at lower prices than British goods

2. The South Econ. based on agriculture Opposed tariffs, which increased the cost of imported goods 3. The West Emerging economy – farming and continued settlement Supported internal improvement and the sale of public land

The “Tariff of Abominations” was a high tax on imports. Northerners needed it to protect their industries Southerners hated it Previously, they bought cheap goods from G.B., but because of the tariff raising the price of goods from G.B., they were forced to buy similar American made goods at a higher price.

► Pre-tariff:  G.B. exported rocking chairs to U.S. – sells them for $25 each  U.S. manufactures make same rocking chairs, but are less efficient and must sell them at $28 each to make a profit  Your on a tight budget and need a new rocking chair, which one do you buy? (quality is similar) ► Post-tariff:  G.B. exports rocking chair, sells for $25 + $5 tax on each chair = $30  U.S. still manufacturing and selling chairs for $28  Which one do you buy?  Why are you unhappy about this tax?

The States Rights Debate ►1►1►1►1828 – Congress passes the Tariff of Abominations  South is angry! ►T►T►T►The issue arises - who has more power? SSSState Governments? ►O►O►O►OR FFFFederal Government? Vs.

Nullification Crisis States Rights S. hates tariffs States Rights – belief that state power is greater than Fed. Govt. Believed in “nullificatation” – the right to void federal laws they disagree with John C. Calhoun – major supporter, resigns as V.P. Federal Authority Daniel Webster promoted national unity over state’s rights Pres. Jackson opposed idea of nullification Actions: Jackson wanted to send troops to SC to enforce tariffs Congress and SC compromise to lower tariffs

Neither side changed it’s belief about state’s rights and would argue about the issue until the end of the Civil WarNeither side changed it’s belief about state’s rights and would argue about the issue until the end of the Civil War

Jackson Attacks the Bank ► Many southern states opposed the National Bank ► Maryland passed a tax to limit the operations of the Bank’s MD branch ► The U.S. Supreme Court ruled the bank was indeed constitutional  McCulloch v. Maryland ► Jackson vetoed the renewal of the banks charter in 1832  The weakened banks power helped western expansion, but also increased inflation which hurt the economy

Panic of 1837 ► 1834 – Whig party is formed to oppose Jackson  favored a weak Pres and strong Congress ► 1836 – Dems. nominate V.P. Martin Van Buren for President  Wins with backing of Jackson ► After he took office, country experiences huge economic depression – why?  Jackson’s banking policies and inability to control inflation (vetoed Nat’l. Bank renewal)  Van Buren blamed ► 1840 Whig candidate William Henry Harrison wins presidential election

9.3 Indian Removal Vocab Indian Removal Act – a law authorizing the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River Indian Territory – Most of present day Oklahoma, an area to which most Native Americans in the southeast were forced to move to in the 1830’s.

3. Bureau of Indian Affairs – a government agency created in the 1800’s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans 4. Sequoya – A Cherokee Indian, he created the Cherokee writing system for the Cherokee language

5. Worcester v. Georgia – The Supreme Court ruling that said the Cherokee Nation was a distinct territory over which only the federal government had authority – ignored by A. Jackson and state of GA. 6. Trail of Tears – an 800 mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in GA to Indian Territory; ¼ of the Cherokee people died along the way.

7. Black Hawk – Leader of the Fox and Sauk Indians, he resisted the U.S. ordered removal of Indian nations from IL and raided settlements and fought against U.S. army 8. Osceola – FL Seminole leader, he resisted removal by the U.S. Gov’t despite an earlier treaty that Seminole leaders had been forced to sign. Black Hawk Osceola

9.3 Indian Removal Indian Removal Act ► ► Jackson and other politicians wanted to open the area between GA and MS to settlement by American farmers   1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act to relocate Indians to West of the Mississippi River   Many were moved to “Indian Territory” – present day Oklahoma

 Supporters convinced themselves that it was unfair for Indians to feel constant pressure from settlers  Created the Bureau of Indian Affairs to manage the removal ► The Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw were the first to be moved – thousands died during the forced march to OK

Cherokee Resistance ► Believed they could avoid conflicts/removal by adopting white culture  Writing system  American form of Gov. ► Once gold was found on their land, the changes didn’t matter ► Cherokee sued GA claiming they were an independent nation.

► Worcester v. Georgia – U.S. Supreme Court ruled the Cherokee was a distinct community and GA had no authority over them – only the Federal Gov. did ► GA ignored the ruling and Jackson violated his presidential oath by not enforcing it ► Trail of Tears – the Cherokee were forced to march 800 mi. to OK  ¼ died along the way  No blankets, little food, Bureau of Indian Affairs failed to care for them.

Others Resist ► ► The Fox & Sauk decided to fight, but by 1850 had been forced to leave Illinois ► ► The Seminoles fought removal in FL – led to the 2 nd Seminole War   Some were removed   Others avoided it by fleeing into the swamps and still live there