LCPs – Large Combustions Plants – what ist a large combustion plant?  > 50 MW rated thermal input  Irrespective of type of fuel, age and branch  Heat used „indirectly“  Turbines > 50 MW Katrin Panzenböck2

Historical developement of directives for emissions into air  1980: Directive of air qualitiy standards for smoke and SO 2 (80/779/EEC)  1984: Air Framework directive – established system of permitting (84/360/EEC) Katrin Panzenböck

Historical developement of legal frames for LCPs Katrin Panzenböck4  First LCP directive: 1988 (88/609/EEC) – first draught in 1983  Second directive: 2001 (2001/80/EC) – some new Emissions Limit Values (ELVs), Biomass, Gas Turbines considered  Integration in the Industrial Emissions Directive, 2010/75/EU which reunites 7 different directives, among them IPPC (integrated pollution prevention control)

Other directives/context  CAFE (cleaner air for Europe)  IPPC 96/61/EG & 2008/1/EG (-> IE- Directive 2010)  NEC (national emission ceilings) 2001/81/EG  EPER/E-PRTR (European Pollutant Emission Register/ European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) Katrin Panzenböck5

Goals of LCP-directive Katrin Panzenböck6  Reduction of emissions of acidifying pollutants, particles, and ozone precursors  This means a reduction of SO 2, NO x and dust  Part of the overal strategy for the reduction of air pollution in Europe

Sectors  electricity supply,  „ petroleum refineries,  „ iron & steel industry,  „ chemicals industry,  „ sugar mills,  „ paper mills,  „ … Katrin Panzenböck7

Age of Plants  Depending on when they were first licensed:  “existing” plants — before 1 July 1987  “new” plants — licensed between 1 July 1987 and 27 November 2002  “new-new” plants — first licensed after 27 November 2002 : stricter ELVs for SO2, NOx and dust  Depending on age different ELVs Katrin Panzenböck8

Fuell  Solid fuel  Liquid Fuel  Gaseous Fuel  Biomass  ELVs dependent on fuels (AND age AND rated thermal input) Katrin Panzenböck9

Rated thermal input  Depending on type of emission different ELVs for different rated thermal inputs  Higher rated thermal input -> lower ELVs  50/100/300/500 MW can demand different ELVs, depending on fuel and age Katrin Panzenböck10

SO 2 ELVs (example) Solid fuels, pre 2002-plants (mg/Nm³) Katrin Panzenböck11

SO 2 ELVs (example) Solid fuels, pre 2002-plants (mg/Nm³) Katrin Panzenböck12 50 to 100 MWth 100 to 300 MWth > 300 MWth to 200 linear decrease 200

Desulphurisation rate  Where SO2 ELVscannot be met due to characteristics of solid fuel used, there is a possibility to apply a minimum rate of desulphurisation  rate of desulphurisation=(sulphur not emitted) / (sulphur introduced through fuel) in % Katrin Panzenböck13

Minimum desulphurisation rate MWthPre Nov 2002Post Nov >60%>92% >75%>92% >90%>95% mg/Nm³ > 500>94% (92% in some cases) >95% mg/Nm³ Katrin Panzenböck14

Requierements  Member states have to determine total annual emissions of LCPs (old an new)  Fuel switching, energy saving plans and pollution abatemet technologies are possible  Permit holder has to choose which technology he uses – only ELVs are fixed  Countries have individual total emission goals Katrin Panzenböck15

Options to Comply  Option 1: Compliance with the ELVs; requires each single plant to comply with ELVs  Option 2: Implementing a national emission reduction plan (NERP); including ALL existing plants (excemption opt out)-> average of all plants complies with ELVs  Some plants with individual ELVs, some under NERP is possible Katrin Panzenböck16

Single Compliance with ELVs or NERP?  NERP: UK, FL, IRE were first Member States to submit plans to the EU Commission by end of 2003  Other Member States that have submitted plans include Czech Republic, Greece, France and Spain Katrin Panzenböck17

Opt out Art 4.4 opt out possible for plants which are operating less than 20,000 h until 31/12/2015 „ A plant is considered to be operating when any part of it operates, irrespective of the load factor Katrin Panzenböck18

Peak load plants Art. 5.1 – Peak load plants If a plant only operates a limited amount of hours every year, it may be subject to less stringent ELVs Katrin Panzenböck19

Common stack  agreed definition is that a collection of plants whose waste gases are discharged through a common stack should be considered to be a single plant  With new installations: if it would have been possible to have a common stack -> it counts as one stack  -> higher rated thermal input -> lower ELVs Katrin Panzenböck20

Monitoring  Continous Monitoring > 100 MW  At least every 6 months < 100 MW  Derogations:  Livespann < hours  SO2: natural gas, oil with known sulfur (calculate), biomass which can‘t exceed SO2- ELVs  Dust: natural gas Katrin Panzenböck21

Thank you for your attention! Katrin Panzenböck22