1. EU FORMAL REGULATION – TYPES OF STANDARDS ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OBJECTIVES ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS

2. EU FORMAL REGULATION – TYPES of STANDARD MINIMUM EMISSION STANDARD (sometimes known as LIMIT VALUES) UNIFORM EMISSION STANDARD

3. CONFLICTS BETWEEN EQS AND ES APPROACHES Advantages and disadvantages of each? Dangerous substances in waters

4. LARGE COMBUSTION PLANT DIRECTIVE 2001/80/EC Exceptions - Art 2(7) National emission reduction plans– Art 3(1) Member State bubbles and no equal Art – Art 3(2) and Annex I For existing plant, Member States choose whether to apply emission limits for new plant OR subject to national reduction plant Art 4(3)

5. LARGE COMBUSTION New plant subject to licences and comply with emission limits in Annexes III-VIII Art 4 Member States may apply more stringent emission standards and to other pollutants Art 4(5) Stack heights to be calculated by Member States Art 9 Penalties determined by Member State – effective, proportionate persuasive Art 16 Emission limits subject to Integrated Pollution and Prevention Control Directive Emission limits must not prejudice air quality standards

6. Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control Art 3. Member States shall take the necessary measures to provide that the competent authorities ensure that installations are operated in such a way that: (a) all the appropriate preventive measures are taken against pollution, in particular through application of the best available techniques; (b) no significant pollution is caused…….

7. BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES “ the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissions and the impact on the environment as a whole”:

8. BAT further defined (b) ‘available techniques’ means those developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the Member State in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator; (c) ‘best’ means most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole.

9. Permit must include emission limits Art 9(3) The permit shall include emission limit values for polluting substances, in particular those listed in Annex III, likely to be emitted from the installation concerned in significant quantities, having regard to their nature and their potential to transfer pollution from one medium to another (water, air and land).

10. Emission limit values and flexibility the emission limit values……… “ shall be based on the best available techniques, without prescribing the use of any technique or specific technology, but taking into account the technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and the local environmental conditions”. (art 9(4)

11. Environmental Quality Standards trump BAT (art 10) Where an environmental quality standard requires stricter conditions than those achievable by the use of the best available techniques, additional measures shall in particular be required in the permit, without prejudice to other measures which might be taken to comply with environmental quality standards.

12. BAT INFORMATION and BREF REFERENCE NOTES The Commission shall organise an exchange of information between Member States and the industries concerned on best available techniques, associated monitoring, and developments in them. (Art 17) IPPC Bureau established http://eippcb.jrc.es/index.htmlhttp://eippcb.jrc.es/index.html Has developed in highly complex Seville Process with production of BAT Reference Notes