 To obtain an overview of the historical development of tourism;  To understand what tourism is;  To define the terms used in the travel and tourism industry;  To appreciate the scope and importance of international tourism;  To illustrate the trends in international tourism  To identify some of tourism’s distinctive aspects and the major components of the travel and tourism industry;  To understand the importance of the study of tourism.

 Tourism / Tourist  Travel / Traveler  Visitor  Same day visitor  Domestic tourism  Inbound tourism  Outbound tourism  National tourism  International tourism  Travel industry components

 Early Ages  Travel motivators:  gathering food, avoiding dangers, moving to more favorable climates  trade and barter of goods  official government travel  Egyptian dynasties, Assyrian empire, Persians, Greeks, Roman empire, Asian civilizations  Middle Ages – 5 th to 14 th century  Travel motivators:  Christian Church – pilgrimages  13 th century – Marco Polo  travel books, travel package

 The Renaissance – 14 th to 17 th century  Travel motivators:  desire to broaden one’s experience and knowledge  Queen Elisabeth I  traveler’s license, passports, line of credit  Grand Tour  The Industrial Revolution –  Travel motivators:  Recreation  The base for mass tourism  Modern tourism  desire + mobility + accessibility + affordability  increased leisure time,  provided additional discretionary income,  enhanced telecommunications,  created more efficient modes of transportation

Definitions Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.

Definitions Tourism – comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism –a subset of travel –a demand-based concept –persons engaging in tourism - visitors

Definitions Traveler – any person on a trip between two or more places Visitor – any person traveling: –to a place other than that of his/her usual environment, –for less than 12 consecutive months and –for other purposes than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

Forms and categories of tourism 3 main forms of tourism: –Domestic –Inbound –Outbound 3 main categories of tourism: –Internal –National –International

Types of tourism according to various criteria Main motivation: leisure, business, education, health, sport, religion, meetings, etc Transport means: air, road, rail, sea Degree of mobility: visit, tour, residential Distribution channel: organized, semi-organized, unorganized Standardization degree: mass, individual Age group: youth, senior, school, university Financing: social, incentive, corporate Various types – interrelated and superposed - PATCH MARKET

Approaches to tourism 1. as a type of consumption – leisure consumption –depends on motivations –discretionary consumption 2. as a product/merchandise –artifact - –image - > heterogeneous 3. as an industry –“travel and tourism industry” –production and consumption – simultaneous –labor intensive –seasonality of demand –consequential industry –large diversity of specific occupations –SUBSYSTEM 4. as part of the services sector –bears all the characteristics of services: intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity, perishability –competition for space 5. as a foreign trade activity -invisible trade -internal export -concentrated in the developed economies -bidirectional flows -the sign of the trade balance – relatively stable for long periods of time

Travel & Tourism in recent years

Key trends:  Under the impact of the worldwide financial crisis and following economic recession, international tourist arrivals declined by 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million.  International tourism receipts reached US$ 852 billion (611 billion euros) in 2009, corresponding to a decrease in real terms of 5.7% on  Growth returned to international tourism in the last quarter of 2009 after 14 months of decline.  As an internationally traded service, inbound tourism has become one of the major trade categories. The overall export income generated by inbound tourism, including passengers transport, exceeded US$ 1 trillion in 2009, or close to US$ 3 billion a day.  Tourism exports account for as much as 30% of the world’s exports of commercial services and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. Globally, as an export category, tourism ranks fourth after fuels, chemicals and automotive products.  For many developing countries it is one of the main sources for foreign exchange income and the number one export category, creating much needed employment and opportunities for development.  The contribution of tourism to economic activity worldwide is estimated at some 5%. Tourism’s contribution to employment tends to be slightly higher relatively and is estimated in the order of 6-7% of the overall number of jobs worldwide (direct and indirect). Current developments and outlook:  According to the August 2010 Interim Update of the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, worldwide international tourist arrivals increased by 7% between January and June 2010 compared to the very depressed levels of the same period of 2009, thus continuing the recovery trend that started in the last quarter of  In the second half of the year the rate of growth is likely to slow. For the full year 2010 UNWTO projects a growth in international tourist arrivals of between 3% and 4%. Long-term trend:  Over the past six decades, tourism has experienced continued expansion and diversification to become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Many new destinations have emerged alongside the traditional ones of Europe and North America.  In spite of occasional shocks, international tourist arrivals have shown virtually uninterrupted growth –from 25 million in 1950, to 277 million in 1980, to 438 million in 1990, to 681 million in 2000, and the current 880 million.  The dismal results of 2009 followed four years of strong, above trend growth. Including 2009, average annual growth since 2000 has been 3%.  As growth has been particularly fast in the world’s emerging regions, the share in international tourist arrivals received by emerging and developing countries has steadily risen, from 32% in 1990 to 47% in  By 2020 international arrivals are expected to reach 1.6 billion.

World's Top Tourism Destinations World’s Top Tourism Earners

World's Top Tourism Spenders

 3 main positive factors that lead to the present situation:  Demographic changes  Increased leisure and holiday time  Fragmentation of holidays and market segmentation  3 main negative factors affecting tourism flows in the last years:  Terrorist attacks  Natural disasters – Tsunami; health scares - the avian flu; global warming  Economic and political uncertainties – exchange rates, oil prices

Travel Trade Sector Accommodation Sector Events Sector Transportation Sector Adventure & Outdoor Recreation Sector Food Services Sector Attractions Sector Entertainment Sector Tourism Services World & National Travel Industry Associations World & National Government Tourism Offices State and Provincial Government Tourism Offices Local & City Government Tourism Departments Local & Regional Tourism Associations/ Convention & Visitor Bureaus State and Provincial Travel Industry Associations

Tourism Course Department or Discipline Management of Tourism Organizations Tourism Studies Policy Issues Recreation Management Sociology of Tourism Tourism Education Transportation Studies Host-Guest Relationship Tourism Motivation Economics of Tourism Rural Tourism Geography of Tourism Tourism Law Marketing of Tourism Tourism Planning and Development Sociology Parks and Recreation Political Science Business Economics Anthropology Geography Architecture Agriculture Transportation Hotel and Restaurant Administration Education Law Marketing Urban and Regional Planning New Venture Development Entrepreneurship Heritage and Environment Management Environmental Studies History of Tourism History Casino Management Gaming Sports Tourism and Medicine Kinesiology Psychology Landscap e Design Hospitality Studies Source: adapted from Jafar Jafari, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Study of Tourism: Choices of Discipline and Approach. Disciplinary inputs to the tourism field