Ch. 1: Three Old Worlds Create a New, 1492–1600  Compare and contrast separate civilizations in Americas, Africa, and Europe  Social organization, gender roles, and political structures  How and why 3 worlds begin to interact and affect each other  Origins of USA part of larger changes in world history — isolation to interaction

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I. American Societies  Paleo-Indians (earliest Americans) adapt to environmental changes  Nomadic hunters shift to agriculture — key for development of civilization

I. American Societies (cont.)  Mesoamericans may have influenced early native societies in North America  Pueblos (AZ and NM); Mississippian culture (midwest and southeast North America)

II. North America in 1492  Diverse cultures form in adaptation to different environments  Shoshones (Great Basin) remain nomadic hunters; Chinooks (upper Pacific coast) combine agriculture, fishing, and hunting  Trade routes link distant peoples  Men dominate hunting; women control child rearing, food and clothing preparation

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V. Early European Explorations  Mediterranean Atlantic = key training ground  Iberians learn to adapt to different winds  Population and economic change (create sugar plantations worked by many slaves)  Enslave native people on Canary Islands

V. Early European Explorations (cont.)  Lessons of Early Colonization 1.Europeans learn to ship crops and livestock to new areas for profit 2.Control native peoples through conquest (Canary Islands) or manipulation (West Africans) 3.Establish plantation agriculture; e.g., Sao Tome = first sugar economy worked by enslaved Africans

VI. Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Their Successors Columbus  Schooled in Mediterranean Atlantic, advocates sailing west to reach Asia  Financed by Spanish king who wants to copy Portuguese overseas success  1492 = first sustained contact between “Old” World and Americas

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VI. Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Their Successors (cont.) Columbus:  Represents early European expansion: 1.driven by desire for immediate profit, esp. gold and spices 2.assumed other American products could be source of profit 3.assumed native peoples (“Indians”) could be controlled and exploited

VI. Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, and Their Successors John Cabot  Arrived in North America (1497)  Funded by English king who (like Portuguese and Spanish) wanted Asian trade

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VII. Spanish Exploration and Conquest  Spanish = first to pursue colonization  Start in Caribbean  Then spread to southern North America as well as Central and South America  Key: Conquest of Aztecs by Cortés (1521)  Earn massive profit by exploit New World resources  When gold/silver mines falter in mid- 1600s, Spain declines as world power

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VIII. Colombian Exchange  Broad transfer of plants, animals, and diseases  Introduce cattle and horses to Americas  Introduce corn, beans, potatoes, etc. to Old World  New food sources help double global population in 300 years

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VIII. Colombian Exchange (cont.)  Diseases (esp. smallpox) devastate American population  Estimate 90% decline  Explain why Europeans able to dominate and why turn to Africans for labor  From America, Europeans receive syphilis  Europeans introduce sugar to Americas and American tobacco to Europe

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IX. Europeans in North America  Initially, no colonies; instead profit from fish and fur trade with Native Americans  Establish a few outposts  Ecological and lifestyle changes with fur trade

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IX. Europeans in North America (cont.)  Envy of massive Spanish profit result in first English attempt at a colony  Roanoke Island (1580s)  Base for attacks on Spanish shipping  Follow Spanish model (exploit natives for profit)  Roanoke collapse:  lack stable food supply  antagonize Native Americans

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XIII. Europeans in NorthAmerica (cont.)  Harriot’s Briefe and True Report (1588) reflects early English views of North America  Focus on quick profit  Assume easy conquest of Native Americans  Reflect English attempts to imitate Spanish model

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