ImhotepHippocratesAsclepiusGalenVesalius ParéHarvey JennerSimpsonNightingaleSeacoleChadwickSnow Pasteur KochListerEhrlichFlemingFlorey & Chain

Egyptian God of healing People offered gifts to him- statues of the parts of their body that were ill or injured FACTORS- Religion Imhotep

Founder of Modern Medicine Rejected all supernatural theories of Medicine Created the “Theory of the Four Humours” Championed ideas of observation and recording FACTORS- Individual Genius, Communication Hippocrates

Greek God of healing People would spend the night at temples, called Asclepions, where they would bathe, eat and sleep, and Asclepius’ priests and servants would attend to them Still around in Roman times FACTORS- Religion Ascelpius

Born in Greece, 129 AD Trained as a surgeon at a Gladiator’s school, and eventually treated Roman Emperors Developed “Theory of the Four Humours” by introducing the “Treatment of Opposites” Understood some of human anatomy from his time dissecting bodies in Alexandria, and pigs also! Ideas prevailed until Renaissance- they seemed logical and the church accepted them because they promoted the idea of intelligent design. FACTORS- Individual Genius, Religion, Communication, Government Galen

Born in Brussels in 1514 AD Spent time with artists, dissecting human bodies and studying skeletons in an effort to make art more realistic Wrote The Fabric of the Human Body in 1543, with detailed illustrations of the human body Proved that not all of Galen’s ideas were correct FACTORS- Individual Genius, Religion Andreas Vesalius

Born in France in 1510 Learnt his trade as a barber surgeon, spending time at Hotel Dieu in Paris Became an army surgeon in 1536, treating sword and gunshot wounds Discovered that an ointment made with egg yolks, oil or roses and turpentine helped to heal wounds better than the boiling oil used previously Also discovered ‘ligatures’- silk threads used to tie blood vessels together after amputation FACTORS: Chance, War, Individual Genius, Communication Ambroise Paré

Born in Kent in 1578 Worked as a doctor in London- was physician to King James I Discovered that blood was not ‘created’ in the body, but rather that arteries, veins and tiny blood vessels (which he couldn’t see) were carrying blood around the body Published his work in 1628 FACTORS- Individual Genius, Tradition, Communication William Harvey

A doctor in Gloucestershire Discovered the first vaccination- for Smallpox, by injecting people with a smalls train of cowpox, in 1798 Work not accepted by all until epidemic of Smallpox in 1870s FACTORS- Individual Genius, Chance, Science & Technology, Communication Edward Jenner

A Professor Midwifery, Simpson saw how much mothers struggled with pain during childbirth In 1847, he was experimenting with friends when he discovered that chloroform could anaesthetise a patient, enabling them to feel no pain, and give surgeons more time to operate on them Initial opposition- widely accepted when Queen Victoria used it in 1857 James Simpson

Born in 1820 Believed that God wanted her to be a nurse Led a group of trained nurses in the Crimean War, improving conditions in hospital wards Took these ideas back to Britain and improved hospital standards across the country FACTORS- War, Individual Genius, Communication Florence Nightingale

Born in Jamaica- daughter of a local healer Learnt how to deal with cholera and gunshot wounds in Panama Worked on treating the sick and tending to the wounded on the battlefields of the Crimea Was unable to raise funds to continue work after Crimean War FACTORS- War, Individual Genius, Communication Mary Seacole

Asked by the government to write a report on living conditions in 1834 Published report in 1842 outlining the link between dirt & disease, and recommending improvements to (virtually non-existent) Public Health scheme Wasn’t taken seriously by “Laissez-Faire” government The work of Dr. John Snow, future cholera outbreaks and electoral reform led to Public Health Act of 1875, where recommendations were taken seriously, although Chadwick’s influence had declined by then FACTORS- Individual Genius, Science & Technology, Government Edwin Chadwick

Studied cholera outbreaks in Broad Street, London Discovered that cholera was caused by infected water Having removed the Broad Street pump handle, no more cases of cholera occurred. Work led to 1875 Public Health Act FACTORS- Individual Genius, Communication, Government John Snow

A French Scientist who solved the greatest medical mystery Working for a brewery, he discovered bacteria growing in the liquid, and using further studies, discovered how germs were the cause of disease, not the result of it Used this, combined with Jenner’s work, to discover vaccines for Chicken Cholera, Rabies, Typhoid and many more. FACTORS- Individual Genius, Science & Technology, Communication, Chance Louis Pasteur

Born in Germany, Koch became interested in Pasteur’s work and studied bacteria himself. Began work on vaccine for Anthrax (ultimately discovered by Pasteur) Discovered how to stain bacteria in order to identify it, and discovered as a result the bacteria for diseases such as Typhoid, Meningitis and Cholera Rival of Pasteur’s- believed he stole his work on Anthrax (rivalry intensified by France’s War with Germany in ) FACTORS- Individual Genius, Science & Technology, Communication, War Robert Koch

Lister had excellent medical training, and was a surgeon in Glasgow and London Lister read Pasteur’s work on bacteria, and thought that they might be the cause of infections on the operating table. Used Carbolic Acid to kill the bacteria- created “antiseptic” surgery Many did not accept his proposals, and later developments of the Carbolic Spray were note very successful, but his work did cause the percentage of patients dying of infection to fall, and led to ‘aseptic’ surgery as doctors built on his ideas. FACTORS- Individual Genius, Science & Technology, Communication Joseph Lister

A member of Robert Koch’s team, Ehrlich took his work on staining bacteria further by developing the first “Magic Bullet”- Salvarsan 606 It was used to kill Syphilis bacteria Was made from arsenic, and therefore required further development FACTORS- Individual Genius, Science & Technology, Chance Paul Ehrlich

Discovered Penicillin in 1928 Left a pile of Petri dishes on his bench whilst on holiday On his return, he discovered that mould on one of them had killed the staphylococci bacteria, and had probably flown in through the window! Carried out experiments and discovered Penicillin’s qualities as an antibiotic. Could not develop it without financial aid. FACTORS- Chance, Individual Genius, Science & Technology Alexander Fleming

Researching how germs could be killed in 1938 Read Fleming’s article on Penicillin, but struggled to get government funding to develop it Did test it on one patient, who was recovering until the drug ran out and he died. WWII caused the US government to realise the potential of penicillin, and gave interest- free loans to US companies to develop it. FACTORS- Communication, Science & Technology, Chance, War Howard Florey & Ernst Chain