1. Medicine Through Time

2. What are factors? Factors are the causes that have made things happen in the history of medicine. Each historical period is characterised by different historical factors Each factor plays an important role in medicine’s changes over time. Factors combine to either cause progression, regression or continuity

3. How do factors work? Factors combine to create progress, regress or continuity Although we will examine them separately remember that it would be very unusual for a single factor to alter the history of medicine. History does not progress in a straight line – Factors help to explain why

4. How do we examine factors? Identify the factors - see how they worked together - examine which was most important, if any. For example - Penicillin Second World War The need for an antibiotic Individuals - Fleming, Florey and Chain Chance - the discovery of mould!

5. So what factors play a part in Medicine? War Government Communications Religion Chance Individuals Economy Technology

6. Warfare War increased the need for medicine - without effective medicine there would be no army to fight! Roman army hospitals Paré’s ointment and ligatures Nightingale and the conditions in hospitals Penicillin X-rays & Skin grafts

7. Government A government needs to get involved in medicine if it wants to stay in power. The extent it does often depends on another factor - ECONOMY Public Health means health for all, provided by the government. Romans - aqueducts, baths 19th Century - Public Health act Mass vaccinations 1948 Start of NHS Medieval towns - Plague Industrial Cities - cholera, typhoid, high death rates

8. Religion Islam preserved the works of Hippocrates and Galen Medievel church Provided care for the needy Kept the ideas of Galen Some helped as they were called by God Eyptian religion helped priests learn about anatomy/physiology Prevented dissection Prevented new ideas as Galen’s fitted the Churches teachings Dissection allowed around 1400 - Protestantism began Religious belief stops people looking for natural causes

9. Chance Chance has played a large role in medicine What if Pare had not run out of oil? Pasteur’s work on Chicken cholera was an accident. What if Fleming had not seen the mould? Or what if he had cleaned up?

10. Individuals Hippocrates - father of modern medicine Galen – opposites + work on anatomy Vesalius, Pare, Harvey – anatomy/physiology Lister, Davy, Landsteiner - surgery

11. Individuals Nightingale, Simpson, Lister - nursing, anaesthetic and antiseptic Koch and Pasteur - where does disease come from? Fleming, Florey and Chain - penicillin

12. Other Factors Communications - new methods of sharing ideas, and of stopping ideas! Science and Technology - new poor technology prevents advances, new machines, such as microscopes help it Conservatism - the desire for no change can stop good ideas from spreading

13. Factors Factors are essential - without them nothing would happen. All the factors play a role in medicine, helping and hindering. In groups examine the following questions - Give examples of each factor helping and hindering progress in medicine Use the “Medicine revision notes” section of the historygcse.org to help historygcse.org