Kinetic Theory Simulation States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Kinetic Theory Explains how particles in matter behave All matter is composed of small particles Particles are in constant, random motion Particles collide with each other and walls of their containers

Solid State Particles are closely packed together in a specific type of geometric arrangement -Particles vibrate in place - Solids have a definite shape and volume

Liquid State A solid begins to liquefy at the melting point as the particles gain enough energy to overcome their ordered arrangement Energy required to reach the melting point is called heat of fusion Liquid particles have more space between them, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container No definite shape but a definite volume

Gas State A liquid’s particles have enough energy to escape the attractive forces of the other particles in the liquid At the boiling point, the pressure of a liquid’s vapor is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere, and the liquid becomes a gas Gas particles spread evenly throughout their container in the process of diffusion Have no definite shape or volume Simulation

Heating Curve of a Liquid As a solid melts and a liquid vaporizes, the temperature remains constant The temperature will increase after the attractive forces of the earlier state have been overcome

Plasma State of matter consisting of high temperature gases with balanced positively and negatively charged particles

Thermal Expansion Increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increases The size of a substance will then decrease when the temperature decreases Expansion and contraction occur in most solids, liquids, and gases Water is an exception because it expands as it becomes a solid

Some substances do not react as expected when changing states. Amorphous solids lack the tightly ordered structure found in crystals do not have a definite temperature at which they change from a solid to liquid Examples: glass, plastic

Some substances do not react as expected when changing states. Liquid Crystals do not lose their ordered arrangement completely upon melting used in liquid crystal displays in watches, clocks, calculators, and some notebook computers

Changes of State Melting Freezing Boiling Evaporation Condensation Sublimation Crystalization

Properties of Fluids Buoyancy Ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it

Buoyancy An object in a fluid will float if its weight is less than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid An object in a fluid will sink if its weight is more than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid

Buoyancy

Buoyancy Archimedes Principle Buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Mass is 2gm, 27gm, 113gm volume of each is 10cubic centimeters

Buoyancy An object will float if its density is less than than the density of the fluid it is placed in.

Pascal’s Principle Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid Pressure is force exerted per unit area Hydraulic machines use this principle to lift heavy loads

Pascal’s Principle

Pascal’s Principle

Bernoulli’s Principle As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases Ex) walk and push Airplanes use this principle to fly

Viscosity A liquid’s resistance to flow Molecular structure determines a fluid’s viscosity Increased temperature will lower viscosity

Behavior of Gases Pressure is measured in a unit called a Pascal (Pa) Collisions of particles in air result in atmospheric pressure Moving particles colliding with the inside walls of a container result in increased pressure

Air Pressure

Boyle’s Law Relates pressure and volume Volume decreases when pressure increases Pressure decreases as volume increases Pressure multiplied by volume is always equal to a constant if the temperature is constant

Boyle’s Law                                                                                                           

Charles’s Law Relates volume and temperature At a constant pressure, volume increases as temperature increases At a constant pressure, volume decreases as temperature decreases

Gay-Lussac’s Law Relates pressure and temperature At a constant volume, as temperature increases, pressure increases

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