1. Chapter 16 Study Guide

2. Four States of Matter Solids
low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around
atoms held tightly into place
definite shape & volume

3. Four States of Matter Liquids
higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together
no definite shape
definite volume

4. Four States of Matter Gases
high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container
no definite shape & volume
move more quickly than particles that make up solids

5. Four States of Matter Plasma
very high KE – made up of charged particles (+/-)
gas-like, indefinite shape & volume
most common state
of matter
stars

6. Pressure
Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit of area, or P = F/A.
Pressure is measured in a unit called Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of pressure.
Most matter expands when heated.

7. Heating Curves Heat of Fusion
energy required to change from solid to liquid
some attractive forces are broken

8. Heating Curves Heat of Vaporization
energy required to change from liquid to gas
all attractive forces are broken

9. Archimedes’ Principle
- Whether an object will sink or float in a fluid
Viscosity
Resistance to flow by a fluid

10. Archimedes’ Principle
the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object
Very little water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight  ball floats on surface.
More water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight  ball floats lower in the water.
Not enough water is displaced in order to cancel weight  ball sinks.
View Buoyancy JAVA Applet.
View animations produced by students at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, New York.

11. Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant Force
upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object
buoyant force > weight
balloon rises
buoyant force < weight
balloon sinks
buoyant force = weight
balloon floats

12. Charles’ Law
According to Charles’s law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, (at constant pressure) V T
DIRECT

13. Pascal’s Principle Pascal - hydraulics Pascal’s Principle
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid
Pascal - hydraulics

14. Boyle’s Law
When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases (at constant temp).
As the volume is increased, the pressure will decrease. P V
P1V1= P2V2
INVERSE

15. Bernoulli’s Principle
as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
why planes fly

16. Thermal Expansion
When concrete absorbs heat, it expands. Then when it cools, it contracts.
If expansion joints are not used, the concrete will crack when the temperature changes.

17. Charles’ Law
If you place a balloon in a freezer the molecules will slow down and the balloon will shrink as the volume decreases

18. Charles’ Law -273°C or 0 K Absolute Zero - Temp at which...
the volume of a gas would equal zero.
all particle motion would stop.
-273°C or
0 K