AP Biology Carbohydrates
AP Biology OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules
AP Biology Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 Function: energy u energy storage raw materials u structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 (CH 2 O) x
AP Biology Photosynthetic Organisms Photosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria Protists Spirogyra Plants All are photosynthetic
AP Biology Monosaccharides Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H H Ribose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653
AP Biology Functional groups determine function carbonyl ketone aldehyde carbonyl
AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Carbons are numbered Where do you find solutions in biology? In cells!
AP Biology Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in C-C bonds
AP Biology Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose
AP Biology C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose fruit sugar converted from glucose – sweetener in honey Galactose Dairy sugar, component of lactose, necessary for mammals that are mothers
AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function isomers of glucose structure determines function… in starchin cellulose
AP Biology Glucose α – glucose β – glucose Cannot bond w/ eachother b/c OH + H does not leave anything behind Alpha w/ Alpha Beta/ Beta We can’t break down cellulose b.c we don’t have the enzyme
AP Biology Alpha Beta
AP Biology Building sugars Dehydration synthesis Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose H2OH2O
AP Biology Building sugars Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) disaccharide H2OH2O
AP Biology Dissaccharide C 12 H 22 O 11 Maltose – α-glucose + α- glucose α-1,4 glycosidic linkage Found in plant seeds – energy source Sucrose α-glucose + fructose Lactose α-glucose + galactose Milk sugar Lactose intolerant – lacking lactase α-1,4 glycosidic linkage
AP Biology Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: (do not copy below - wait til next slide energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology energy storage 1.Starch Amylose (30% of starch) α-1,4 glycosidic linkage Amylopectin (70%) α-1,4 and every 30ish glucose units 1,6 glycosidic linkage Store in amyloplasts
AP Biology 2. Glycogen (Animal starch) Humans/animals store in muscle cells and liver Chains of branching α-glucose (lots of branches)
AP Biology Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage What does branching do? slow release fast release
AP Biology structure 3. Cellulose Primary component of cell walls Cotton and Paper are purely cellulose Chain of β glucose - β -1,4 glycosidic linkage Humans do not have enzymes to break down cellulose
AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest
AP Biology Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?!
Regents Biology Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Ruminants Tell me about the rabbits, again, George! I eat WHAT! Caprophage
AP Biology 4. Chitin Exoskeletons of arthropods/ fungal cell walls β -1,4 glycosidic linkage w/ amine chains
Regents Biology Let’s build some Carbohydrates! EAT X