Chapter 14 Section 4

Hindu Indian National Congress 1885 Muslim League 1906 Both groups formed to remove foreign rule from India Wanted democratic rule under their own government In World War I; Indians helped Britain with the promise of reforms leading to self-government Britain did not honor their promise Radical groups used violence to show hatred of Britain The Rowlatt Acts Protesters could be jailed for 2 years without trial Indians knew this was a violation of their civil rights

Amrisar Massacre 10,000 Indians gathered in Punjab to protest the Rowlatt Acts Intended to be peaceful British commander order his men to fire on the crowd 400 were killed, 1,200 wounded Created anger across India Sparked a huge swell of Indian Nationalism

Mohandas K. Gandhi British educated lawyer Chose a religious based approach to political activity Blended ideas from all of the major religions of the world He led a movement of noncooperation and civil disobedience against the British government Boycotts Gandhi called on Indians to not buy British goods, not attend British schools, to not pay taxes, and stop voting in elections He urged Indians to weave their own cloth British sales in India dropped sharply

Strikes The lack of cooperation from the Indians caused major problems for Britain Trains, & factories struggled to operate Jails were overcrowded with Indian protesters Many of the demonstrations became violent despite Gandhi’s efforts The Salt March A boycott of British salt was organized Gandhi & his followers marched 240 miles to make salt from the sea After a peaceful demonstration at a British salt mine, the Indians gained world wide support

1935: the Government of India Act Local self-government & limited elections Not total independence Tensions grew between the Hindus & Muslims Muslims feared they would be left out of the government

Turkey Becomes a Republic Mustafa Kemal Greece invaded Turkey in 1922 Nationalists defended Turkey against Greece & overthrew the Ottoman sultan 1923: Kemal is elected president Introduced sweeping reforms Separation of church & state New legal system Women could vote & hold office Industrialized Turkey Gained a new national identity, Kemal becomes Ataturk

Persia Becomes Iran Britain tried to take over Persia in 1921 Reza Shah Pahlavi lead the defense of Persia & deposed the ruler Pahlavi becomes the new leader Modernized Persia; new schools, new roads, & promoted industrial growth Pahlavi kept power & gave Persia a new name Iran

Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud 1902: Ibn Saud began unifying Arabia 1932: renamed the kingdom Saudi Arabia Modernized with technology; phones, radios Kept Islamic laws and traditions in place No efforts to bring democracy to his country Still an Islamic based kingdom today

Oil was discovered in Southwest Asia in the 20s & 30s Foreign businesses invested huge sums of money to modernize the region & develop the oil fields Western nations have tried to dominate the region 2/3rds of the world’s oil is in this region The demand for oil changed the economy & increased the development of the region