1 Ground Water

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3 water may infiltrate some specimens belonging to this rock group. Best Permeability! Water is able to easily infiltrate and permeate quickest when large, rounded sediments are present. Size and shape matter! Rounded Sediment

4 Smaller rounded sediment Good Permeability! Water is able to infiltrate and permeate smaller sized, rounded sediments, though not as quickly as with the larger sediments in the previous slide. Size matters when it comes to permeability!

5 Poor Permeability! Water does not easily infiltrate and permeate a mixture of rounded and angled sediments. Poor Permeability! Water does not easily infiltrate and permeate a mixture of rounded and angled sediments. Mixed size and shape

6 Poor Permeability! Water does not easily infiltrate and permeate a mixture of angled sediments. This is true whether the angled sediments are the same size or a mixture of different sizes. Poor Permeability! Water does not easily infiltrate and permeate a mixture of angled sediments. This is true whether the angled sediments are the same size or a mixture of different sizes. Different size and shape sediment

7 Grain size

8 Rounded sediment larger size Good Porosity! Sediments that are rounded naturally create larger pore spaces between each particle. Pore spaces hold water. The storing of water makes sediment porous

9 Rounded sediment smaller size Good Porosity! Maximum Porosity occurs when sediments are rounded. Size does not matter but shape does! Round is best! The porosity of this sample and the one on the last slide are the same.

10 Angled sediment mixed size Poor Porosity! Sediments that are angled, jagged and irregular in shape do not allow for ample pore spaces between each particle. Therefore, soil made up of such a mix of sediments would not be porous and would not be suited for water storage.

11 Capillarity – the ability of water to travel up narrow spaces Capillarity – the ability of water to travel up narrow spaces –The smaller the sediment(particle) size the greater the capillarity. As sediment(particle) size increases capillarity decreases. As sediment(particle) size increases capillarity decreases. Retention – the ability for soil to hold water Retention – the ability for soil to hold water –The smaller sediment(particle) size the greater the retention. As sediment(particle) size increases, retention decreases. As sediment(particle) size increases, retention decreases. What is the relationship between water retention in soil and soil permeability? What is the relationship between water retention in soil and soil permeability?

12 Capillarity Fair Capillarity! Capillarity does occur Best Capillarity! Maximum Capillarity

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14 WELL SORTED Coarse (sand-gravel) POORLY SORTED Coarse - Fine WELL SORTED Fine (silt-clay) Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity HighLow Sorting of material affects groundwater movement. Poorly sorted (well graded) material is less porous than well-sorted material. S. Hughes, 2003

15 Run off Water flow along the surface. Water flow along the surface. –What will cause runoff to increase and decrease?

16 The Water Cycle and Climates Water continuously circulates between the hydrosphere (oceans), atmosphere (troposphere), and the lithosphere (land).

When precipitation falls to the Earth, 4 things can happen to it: 1.Evapotranspiration – water is returned to the atmosphere as vapor. 2.Infiltration – water soaks into the ground to the water table. 3.Runoff – water flows on the surface of the Earth (no infiltration). 4.Storage – water is stored on the surface in the form of snow/ice. 5 factors that influence how water infiltrates into the ground: 1.Slope of the land – (steepness of gradient) 2.Ground saturation – (how much water the ground is already holding) 3.Porosity of the ground – ( % open space between grains in rock/ground) 4.Permeability of the ground – ( speed that water infiltrates the ground) 5. Capillarity of the ground – ( the upward movement of water from below)

18 Porosity Round particles have more porosity than flat. Most porous? ______ Least porous? ______ Loosely packed particles have more porosity. More sorted particles have a higher porosity.

19 Permeability Smaller particles have a low permeability. This is because there is less space between particles, which causes a lower porosity, which makes water travel slower through the ground. Capillarity Smaller particles have a higher capillarity. This is because there is less space between the particles, which allows them to be in closer contact. Water can cling easier to particles that are in closer contact.

20 An entire geographic area that drains into one larger body of water.

21 Water Table

22 Aquifers Aquifer: body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. Aquifer: body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. –Examples: Sandstone, conglomerate, well-fractured limestone, bodies of sand and gravel

23 Changes in Water Table with Rainfall

24 Artesian Well Controls

25 Sources of Ground Water Pollution Pesticides Pesticides Household garbage and improperly installed or maintained septic systems Household garbage and improperly installed or maintained septic systems –Landfills Animal waste Animal waste Industrial toxic waste Industrial toxic waste

26 Animal Waste

27 Industrial Toxic Waste

28 Landfill’s Impact on Ground Water Quality

29 Industrial Pollution