1. Factors That Affect Infiltration And Runoff

2. 1. Slope of the Land
The steeper the slope, the less infiltration. More runoff occurs.
As slope increases, infiltration decreases
Indirect Relationship
Infiltration
Gradient
Less steep
More steep

3. .
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
This is water that is NOT infiltrating the soil. Instead it is forming runoff.

4. A. Porosity
Definition - percent of ___________ in soil
open spaces

5. a. Porosity Particle size alone does not determine porosity
Identically shaped samples of increasing particle size will have the same porosity

6. Porosity and Shape Rounded Vs. Angular Which is more porous?
HIGH POROSITY
LOW POROSITY

7. Porosity and Packing Loose Vs. Close Which is more porous? HIGH
LOW POROSITY

8. Porosity and Sorting Sorted Vs. Unsorted Which is more porous?
All the same size
Different sizes
Which is more porous?
HIGH POROSITY
LOW POROSITY

9. Which is more porous, a container of:
round particles or angular particles
tightly packed particles or loosely packed particles
c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles
d. large beads or small beads

10. ***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***

11. b. Permeability The ability to let water pass through it
Soils made up of large particles are very permeable and have high infiltration rates
For soils to be permeable, the ____________ must be connected
* Clay soils absorb water at a very slow rate, small particle size, low permeability (clay has the smallest particle size)
Pore spaces

12. In which soil will water move through more quickly?

13. A, because the particles are largest
PERMEABILITY
Which column would allow water to flow through faster and why?
A, because the particles are largest

14. If you join sediment from A and D,
PERMEABILITY
If you join sediment from A and D,
what would happen to the permeability? Why?
Decreases because the small particles fill in the spaces

15. PERMEABILITY
Particle Size

16. Which is more permeable?
PERMEABILITY
Which is more permeable?
a. small particles or large particles
b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground

17. c. Capillarity (Capillary Action)
The ability of water to flow upward through soil.
Very important to people who grow crops
Soils made up of very small particles have the highest capillarity.
More surface area for water to cling to

18. Draw a line to complete the graph below:
high
Capillarity
low
small
large
Particle size

19. 3. Degree of Saturation
If the ground is already saturated (fully soaked), then water will more likely __________
runoff

20. 4. Vegetation vs. Land Use Vegetation – little runoff
Land Use - paved streets, parking lots – more runoff

21. Factors Affecting Infiltration:
5.) Ground Temperature—frozen ground limits infiltration of rain and also causes runoff of melting snow

22. RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
FACTORS AFFECTING
RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge?
an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren
an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat
ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen
d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated

23. Binghamton flood 2011