The English Reformation

New Protestant Sects Sects: religious groups that had broken away from an established church – Protestants, Lutherans – Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, ect. Many new sects sprang up that followed the Lutheran or Calvinist teachings

English Reformation Henry VIII stood against the Protestant revolt Remained Catholic – As a result the Pope awarded him the “Defender of the Faith” for denouncing Luther’s ideas Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon for 18 years and had one daughter – Mary Tudor

Henry VIII Henry desperately sought a male heir Henry sought a divorce so he could marry his mistress Anne Boleyn who would hopefully bear him a son. However, the Pope refused to annul (terminate) his marriage. – Catherine was the Holy Roman Emperor’s (Charles V) aunt – Pope didn’t want to upset the Holy Roman Emperor

Reform in England Henry was furious Chose to break away from Catholic Church Becomes Protestant – Suggested by advisors who were mostly Protestant leaning. Chancellor Thomas Cromwell had parliament pass a series of laws that placed Henry in control of the Church.

Thomas Cranmer Became archbishop of the English Church Annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine and married him to Anne Boleyn – They would have a daughter, Elizabeth. – Anne Boleyn would be executed for treason shortly after Accused of flirting with other men

Act of Supremacy In 1534, Parliament passed the act, which made Henry the head of the Church of England. Called on people to take an oath stating Henry, not the Pope was the head of England’s Church Catholics who refused to accept the act were executed for treason.

Henry VIII Dies 1547: King Henry VIII dies – Various health problems Edward VI begins ruling at age 10 – Advisors hold true power – Protestant and encourages further reforms – Died of illness at age 15 Half sister Mary I (daughter of 1 st wife Catherine) becomes ruler – Restores the Catholic Church – Saw resistance, many Protestants are executed – Nickname becomes Bloody Mary

Reign of Elizabeth I Mary ruled for 5 years and died in 1558 Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) becomes ruler – Wanted a return to Protestantism – Parliament set up the Anglican Church (church of England) – Wanted to please both Catholics and Protestants Priests allowed to marry and allowed to deliver service in English Priests dress in Catholic robes – Brings about religious peace

Edward VIMary I “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) Pope Paul III called for the Council of Trent in 1545 – Meet several times over the course of 20 years Reaffirmed beliefs that had been attacked by Protestants 1.Interpretation of bible was final, substitution was heresy 2.Faith AND good works needed for salvation, not faith alone 3.Provided penalties for worldliness and corruption 4.Set up school to challenge Protestant teachings 5.Indulgences were valid, but false selling of indulgences banned

Pope Paul IV ordered book burnings Index of Forbidden Books – List of books the Catholic Church considered too immoral for Catholics to read. – Burned books Index of Forbidden Books included works of – Luther – Calvin – Petrarch – Other humanists

Jesuits are Founded 1540: Pope recognizes a new religious order Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesuits. – Introduced strict programs of spiritual and moral discipline. – Rigorous religious training – Absolute obedience to the Church

Ignatius of Loyola Sought to strengthen and spread the Catholic faith Became advisors to Catholic rulers – Sought to seek out heretics Set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic beliefs Spread the Catholic faith to distant lands – Asia, Africa, and Americas

Several Jesuit Universities Today St. Louis University Xavier University Georgetown University Boston College Loyola University Chicago Gonzaga University Marquette University

Persecution of Jews Spain had expelled Jews in Italy had put added pressure on Jews to convert 1516: Venice ordered Jews to live in separate parts of the city called the ghetto. – Other Italian cities followed suit. Restrictions on Jews increased during the Reformation.

Reformation and Jews Luther had hoped they would convert but when they didn’t he wanted them expelled Some German princes expelled Jews. 1550’s: Pope Paul IV added restrictions Charles V restricted Jews from settling in the New World Many Jews migrated to the Ottoman Empire and the Netherlands.