THE BUREAUCRACY Chapter 14

Learning Objectives Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14.1Explain what the bureaucracy does 14.2Outline the essential elements of a bureaucracy 14.3Describe the growth of the bureaucracy over time 14.4Assess how the bureaucracy is both accountable and responsive, and how it can fail 2

The American Bureaucracy  What is the Bureaucracy?  Executive branch departments, agencies, boards, and commissions that carry out the responsibilities of the federal government.  The main job of the bureaucracy is to enforce the rules, which is seen as an extension of how the president executes laws.  Guidelines issued by federal agencies for administering federal programs and implementing federal law are referred to as regulations. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3

The American Bureaucracy  Of all the components of American government, the bureaucracy is the most likely to have a direct impact on the lives of its citizens.  What is the Bureaucracy?  Regulations  Cabinet  Cabinet secretaries Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4

The American Bureaucracy  The Structure of the Bureaucracy  Executive Departments  Currently fifteen departments  Federal register  Other Types of Federal Organizations  Office of Management and Budget  Independent agencies  Federal regulatory commission Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5

Cabinet Departments 2014 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6

Organizational Chart of the Department of Health and Human Services Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 7

Core Components of the Bureaucracy  Mission  Hierarchical Decision-Making Process  Provides consistency and predictability  Careful consideration of a policy  Expertise  Bureaucratic Culture  Constant drive to self-perpetuate  Gets in the way of good policy implementation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8

The Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy  The Expansion of Executive Branch Departments  State, Treasury, and War were first  The Growth of Regulatory Agencies and Other Organizations  Food and Drug Administration  Oversight Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9

The Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10

The Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy  From Patronage to the Civil Service  Pendleton Act  Civil Service Commission  Merit system  Civil service  Political appointees Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11

The Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy  Career Civil Service  Political Appointees  Schedule C appointees  Senior Executive Service (SES) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12

Political Appointees Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13 In large part due to the unpopularity of the Iraq War, which he oversaw, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced his resignation on November 8, 2006, after big Republican losses in the congressional midterm election. The announcement took place in the Oval Office.

The Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy  Diversity in the Federal Bureaucracy  Private-Sector Contract Workers  Bureaucrats and Politics  Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14

Distribution of Federal Government Workforce, 2014 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15

Composition of the Federal Workforce Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16

The Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17 The federal bureaucracy often employs private- sector workers and organizations to administer federal programs or help support military operations. Here private security personnel help guard government officials in Afghanistan.

Accountability and Responsiveness in the Bureaucracy  The Roles of the Legislative and Judicial Branches  “Power of the purse”  Veterans’ Administration 2014 bureaucratic failure  Power to authorize and appropriate  Courts serve as effective monitors Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 18

Accountability and Responsiveness in the Bureaucracy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19 In 2014, the Veterans Administration came under heavy criticism when it was discovered that thousands of veterans were forced to wait months for health care services and that personnel in the VA had falsified records to hide these delays. Here General Eric Shinseki is testifying before the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee about the scandal; he resigned two weeks later.

Accountability and Responsiveness in the Bureaucracy  Efficiency and Transparency  Major issues require caution, thus take time  1996 Freedom of Information Act  Whistleblowing  1989 Whistleblower Protection Act  Bureaucratic Failure Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20

The Bureaucracy and Democracy  Federal government has grown to be more responsible for needs of average individual  Many gates bar speedy implementation  Rules and guidelines designed to foster equal implementation Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 21

Veteran Affairs and PTSD Care Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 22 Click picture to view video

Video Discussion Questions 1.Why did it take whistleblowers to focus attention on problems within the Veteran’s Administration system? 2.Is championing the care of veterans a popular political tactic? Why or why not? 3.Should care for veterans be turned over to private enterprise? Why might this cause further delays in care? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 23