Investigating Boomtown’s Weather: Activity 27 An abundant amount of rainfall can: increase speed of the river flood streets and homes Saturate the soil Saturate: (synonyms: soak, drench, flood) to become thoroughly soaked with liquid so that no more can be absorbed.

Activity 27 Key Vocabulary Average - The central, or typical, value of a numerical data set. See mean, median, and mode. Mean - A central value of a numerical data set calculated by adding up all the data points in the data set and dividing this sum by the total number of data points in the data set. Median - The middle value in a data set arranged in numerical order. Mode - The most frequently occurring data point of a numerical data set. Sample size - The number of data points in a data set.

Look at the following data for rainfall for a five-year period Look at the following data for rainfall for a five-year period. What is the mean, median, and mode rainfall for the time period? Year Rainfall (cm) 2010 50 2011 65 2012 42 2015 2016 62 Mean? (hint: the average) Median? (hint: the middle) Mode? (hint: appears most often)

Look at the following data for rainfall for a five-year period Look at the following data for rainfall for a five-year period. What is the mean, median, and mode rainfall for the time period? Year Rainfall (cm) 2010 50 2011 65 2012 42 2015 2016 62 Mean? (hint: the average) 53.8 cm Median? (hint: the middle) 50 cm Mode? (hint: appears most often) 50 cm

Proper Bar Graph Guidelines

First Graph: Procedure This is a graph of the total annual rainfall for each year over 10 year period. Has Boomtown gotten the same amount of rainfall over the last 10 years? Table 1: Annual Rainfall in Boomtown: 2006-2015 Month 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total Rainfall (centimeters) 92 99 89 94 84 97 85 72 (inches) 36 39 35 37 33 38 28

Second Graph: Analysis In terms of flooding when should Boomtown be most concerned and least concerned? Table 3: Monthly Rainfall in Boomtown in 2006 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Rainfall (centimeters) 6 7 5 15 11 (inches) 2 3 4

Canyons and Building Deltas-Activity 28 Delta - A fan-shaped area that develops in the flat, low area where a river empties into a large body of water. Model - Any representation of a system, or its components, to help one study and understand how it works. River channel - The depression in the land through which a river flows. Sediments - Small bits of decomposed earth materials such as rocks, minerals, and shells.

Follow-up Q and A A B Hills Marsh Hills Marsh Which Boomtown landform best represents the top of the river table model? Which Boomtown landform best represents the bottom of the river table model? In a real river, what is travelling from point A to point B? Hills A Marsh B Hills Marsh

Follow-up Q and A Cliffs C What would the model look like if you were simulating point C to point B? Cliffs Marsh B Huge change in slope. Marsh

Canyons and Building Deltas-Activity 28 Analysis 1a. How is your river model like a real river? The river model contains a river bottom, sand, and water. This is like a real river, with earth materials at the bottom and water flowing in it. 1b. How is it not like a real river? The model is straighter and much smaller than a real river and contains much less water. Unlike most rivers, it does not flow constantly. It also contains less varied earth materials (i.e. no pebbles, rocks, animals, etc.)

Canyons and Building Deltas-Activity 28 Analysis Questions 2. Describe the biggest changes that you observed during the river model investigation. Water moves the sand from a higher elevation to a lower elevation, where it gathers in a heap.

Analysis Questions 3. Observe the photograph behind text. It shows a river at the bottom of a canyon with hard rock walls. a. Explain how the water flowing down the river created the canyon. b. Explain what happened to the rock that once filled up the canyon. Answer a and b: Solid rock is more cohesive than sand therefore flowing water removes the particles much more slowly and can create a steep-walled canyon because the walls do not slump down as easily as softer walls. The rock that once filled the canyon is carried away and is deposited somewhere along the river.

Analysis Questions 5a. How could the movement of sediments cause a problem if someone builds on: Delta Marsh Movement of sediments could wash away the soil of the marsh and make the soil less stable for buildings. Alternatively, movement of sediments could result in undesired earth materials in people’s yards. Delta Marsh Area

Analysis Questions 5b. How could the movement of sediments cause a problem if someone builds on: Green Hill Movement of sediments away from the hillsides could cause the hillside to collapse on top of building below. Movement could also weaken buildings’ support or foundations. Green Hill Area

Analysis Questions 5c. How could the movement of sediments cause a problem if someone builds on: Seaside Cliff The movement of sediments from the cliff could weaken or wash away the cliff. The results could be disastrous depending on the structure’s proximity to the cliff’s edge. Seaside Cliff Area

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Slow moving ice can carve through mountains. How do you think New Jersey has benefited from weathering and erosion?

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Activity 29:Analysis 1 Why is weathering important to the process of erosion? Weathering breaks rocks up in small enough pieces that they can be carried away by erosion. Without weathering, wind and water might not be strong enough to move rocks.

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Activity 29:Analysis 2 2) Why does erosion always lead to deposition? Eventually, wind and water must slow or stop moving. Rivers typically end at in a large body of water. In Boomtown, the Rolling River ends at the East Bay. When the river slows down or stops, sediment fall and are deposited.

Concept Map Earth Processes Analysis Question 3 Weathering Erosion Destructive forces Constructive forces Weathering Erosion Deposition Breaks down rocks Transports sediments Sediments settle moved by caused by changes environment changes environment Ice slowing water or wind Water Wind Positive (or neutral) effects Positive effects Negative effects Negative effects makes landforms nutrients moved to soil makes landforms rivers block waterways valleys canyons beaches marshes lakes fill in lakes can damage man-made structures (roads, buildings, bridges, etc.) multiplied by toxins moved to pure soil construction in poorly chosen areas bad farming practices

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Activity 29:Analysis 4 Bay Erosion 4) Question Summary: Identify a topographical change in Boomtown due to weathering, erosion, and deposition. Explain. Weathering breaks rocks up in the hills and cliffs. Erosion carries the rock sediments to the delta where they are deposited. The delta has increased in size over time, whereas the hills and cliffs have decreased in size. Weathering in the Cliffs River Erosion Weathering in the Hills Deposition in the Delta Marsh

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Activity 29:Analysis 5 5) At which of the three building sites-Delta Marsh, Green Hill, and Seaside Cliff-would you expect: Weathering to have the most effect on land Deposition to have the most effect on land

Activity 29 Vocabulary Constructive - A force or earth process that builds up earth materials to create landforms. Deposit - (noun) Earth materials that have been left in a particular location as a result of an earth process that drops sediments that were previously suspended in air, water, or ice. (verb) To leave material in a particular location. Deposition - The earth process that results in a deposit of earth materials. Destructive - A force or earth process that breaks down or removes earth material. Earth processes - Dynamic actions that occur both on the earth’s surface and inside the earth. Erode - To lose earth materials in a place by natural processes. Erosion - The earth process by which earth materials are removed from one place, commonly by wind or water, and transported elsewhere. Floodplain - The relatively level area on either side of a river that becomes covered with water when the water level in the river rises above its banks and overflows. Weathering - The breakup of rock caused by mechanical (physical) or chemical processes.