The West on the Eve of a New World Order Chapter 18 The West on the Eve of a New World Order

The storming of the Bastille p508

A. The Scientific Revolution I. Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual Revolution in the West A. The Scientific Revolution 1. Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy 2. Toward a New Earth: Descartes and Rationalism 3. Europe, China, and the Scientific Revolutionlture B. Background to the Enlightenment

C. The Philosophes and Their Ideas I. Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual Revolution in the West C. The Philosophes and Their Ideas 1. Montesquieu 2. Voltaire 3. Diderot 4. Toward a New “Science of Man” 5. The Later Enlightenment 6. The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment

D. Culture in an Enlightened Age I. Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual Revolution in the West D. Culture in an Enlightened Age 1. High Culture 2. Popular Culture

Medieval Conception of the Universe Medieval Conception of the Universe. As this sixteenth-century illustration shows, the medieval cosmological view placed the earth at the center of the universe, surrounded by a series of concentric spheres. The earth was imperfect and constantly changing, whereas the heavenly bodies that surrounded it were perfect and incorruptible. Beyond the tenth and final sphere was heaven, where God and all the saved souls were located. (The circles read, from the center outward: 1. Moon, 2. Mercury, 3. Venus, 4. Sun, 5. Mars, 6. Jupiter, 7. Saturn, 8. Firmament (of the Stars), 9. Crystalline Sphere, 10. Prime Mover; and around the outside, Empyrean Heaven—Home of God and All the Elect, that is, saved souls.) p510

The Copernican System. The Copernican system was presented in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, published shortly before Copernicus’s death. As shown in this illustration from the first edition of the book, Copernicus maintained that the sun was the center of the universe and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around it. Moreover, the earth rotated daily on its axis. (The circles read, from the center outward: Sun; VII. Mercury, orbit of 80 days; VI. Venus; V. Earth, with the moon, orbit of one year; IIII. Mars, orbit of 2 years; III. Jupiter, orbit of 12 years; II. Saturn, orbit of 30 years; I. Immobile Sphere of the Fixed Stars.) p510

The telescope—a European invention.

MAP 18. 1 The Enlightenment in Europe MAP 18.1 The Enlightenment in Europe. ‘‘Have the courage to use your own intelligence!’’ The words of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (i-MAHN-yoo-el KAHNT) epitomize the role of the individual in using reason to understand all aspects of life—the natural world and the sphere of human nature, behavior, and institutions. Figure 18-1 p513

A London Coffeehouse. Coffeehouses first appeared in the major cities of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century, where they were often associated with antigovernment activity. They spread quickly throughout Europe and by the beginning of the eighteenth century had become a means for spreading Enlightenment ideas. In addition to drinking coffee, patrons of coffeehouses could read magazines and newspapers, exchange ideas, play chess, smoke, and even engage in business transactions. In this scene from a London coffeehouse around 1705, well-attired gentlemen make bids on commodities. p515

Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera. Antoine Watteau was one of the most gifted painters in eighteenth-century France. His portrayal of aristocratic life reveals a world of elegance, wealth, and pleasure. In this painting, which is considered his masterpiece, Watteau depicts a group of aristocratic lovers about to depart from the island of Cythera, where they have paid homage to Venus, the goddess of love. Luxuriously dressed, they move from the woodlands to a golden barge that is waiting to take them from the island. p517

Vierzehnheiligen. Pictured here is the interior of the Vierzehnheiligen, the famous pilgrimage church in Bad Staffelstein, Bavaria, designed by Johann Balthasar Neumann. Elaborate detail, blazing light, rich colors, and opulent decoration were brought together to create a work of stunning beauty. The pilgrim in search of holiness is struck by an incredible richness of detail. Persuaded by joy rather than fear, the believer is lifted toward heaven on a cloud of rapture. p517

II. Economic Changes and the Social Order A. New Economic Patterns B. European Society in the Eighteenth Century

MAP 18.2 Global Trade Patterns of the European States in the Eighteenth Century. New patterns of trade interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas. Dutch, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies had been established in North and South America, and the ships of these nations followed the trade routes across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Figure 18-2 p519

The Aristocratic Way of Life The Aristocratic Way of Life. The desire among British aristocrats for both elegance and greater privacy was fulfilled by the eighteenth century country house. The painting on the right, by Richard Wilson, shows a typical English country house of the eighteenth century, surrounded by a simple and serene landscape. Thomas Gainsborough’s Conversation in the Park, shown at the left, captures the relaxed life of two aristocrats in the park of their country estate. p519

The Aristocratic Way of Life The Aristocratic Way of Life. The desire among British aristocrats for both elegance and greater privacy was fulfilled by the eighteenth century country house. The painting on the right, by Richard Wilson, shows a typical English country house of the eighteenth century, surrounded by a simple and serene landscape. Thomas Gainsborough’s Conversation in the Park, shown at the left, captures the relaxed life of two aristocrats in the park of their country estate. p519

III. Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Americas A. The West Indies B. British North America C. French North America D. The American Revolution 1. Birth of a New Nation

A Sugar Mill in the West Indies A Sugar Mill in the West Indies. Cane sugar was one of the most valuable products produced in the West Indies. By 1700, sugar was replacing honey as a sweetener for increasing numbers of Europeans. This seventeenth-century French illustration shows the operation of a sugar mill in the French West Indies. p521

IV. Toward a New Political Order and Global Conflict A. Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy B. The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs C. Russia under Catherine the Great D. Enlightened Absolution Reconsidered E. Changing Patterns of War: Global Confrontation

MAP 18.3 Europe in 1763. By the middle of the eighteenth century, five major powers dominated Europe—Prussia, Austria, Russia, Britain, and France. Each sought to enhance its power both domestically, through a bureaucracy that collected taxes and ran the military, and internationally, by capturing territory or preventing other powers from capturing territory. Figure 18-3 p523

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Robert Clive in India. Robert Clive was the leader of the army of the British East India Company. He had been commanded to fight the ruler of Bengal in order to gain trading privileges. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, Clive and the East India Company took control of Bengal. In this painting by Edward Penny, Clive is shown receiving a grant of money for his injured soldiers from the local nabob or governor of Bengal. p524

V. The French Revolution A. Background to the French Revolution 1. Social Structure of the Old Regime 2. Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy B. From Estates-General to National Assembly C. Destruction of the Old Regime

V. The French Revolution D. The Radical Revolution 1. A Nation in Arms 2. Reign of Terror 3. Equality and Slavery: Revolution in Haiti E. Reaction and the Directory

Marie Antoinette (Kirsten Dunst) at Versailles. p527

COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Revolution and Revolt in France and China. Both France and China experienced revolutionary upheaval at the end of the eighteenth century and well into the nineteenth. In both countries, common people often played an important role. At the right is a scene from the storming of the Bastille in Paris in 1789. This early action by the people of Paris ultimately led to the overthrow of the French monarchy. At the top is a scene from one of the struggles during the Taiping Rebellion, a major peasant revolt in the mid-nineteenth century in China. An imperial Chinese army is shown recapturing the city of Nanjing from Taiping rebels in 1864. What role did common people play in revolutionary p528

COMPARATIVE ILLUSTRATION Revolution and Revolt in France and China. Both France and China experienced revolutionary upheaval at the end of the eighteenth century and well into the nineteenth. In both countries, common people often played an important role. At the right is a scene from the storming of the Bastille in Paris in 1789. This early action by the people of Paris ultimately led to the overthrow of the French monarchy. At the top is a scene from one of the struggles during the Taiping Rebellion, a major peasant revolt in the mid-nineteenth century in China. An imperial Chinese army is shown recapturing the city of Nanjing from Taiping rebels in 1864. What role did common people play in revolutionary p528

Citizens in the New French Army Citizens in the New French Army. To save the Republic from its foreign enemies, the National Convention created a revolutionary army of unprecedented size. This illustration, from a book of paintings on the French Revolution by the Lesueur brothers, shows three citizens learning to drill, while a young volunteer is being armed and outfitted by his family. p531

VI. The Age of Napoleon A. The Rise of Napoleon B. Domestic Policies C. Napoleon’s Empire 1. The Grand Empire 2. The Fall of Napoleon

Revolt in Saint-Domingue p532

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The Coronation of Napoleon The Coronation of Napoleon. In 1804, Napoleon restored monarchy to France when he crowned himself emperor. In the coronation scene painted by Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon is shown crowning his wife, the empress Josephine, while the pope looks on. The painting shows Napoleon’s mother seated in the box in the background, even though she was not at the ceremony. p535

MAP 18. 4 Napoleon’s Grand Empire MAP 18.4 Napoleon’s Grand Empire. Napoleon’s Grand Army won a series of victories against Austria, Prussia, and Russia that gave the French emperor full or partial control over much of Europe by 1807. Figure 18-4 p536

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