Introduction to Pathophysiology Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Mir Assistant Professor (Immunopatholgy) College of Applied Medical Sciences Majmaah University

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What the pathophysiology is Pathophysiologia, ae, f. gr. pathos = disease, pain, suffering Study PhysiologyPathophysiology Life Logic Healthy Diseased Pathophysiology Involves the study of function that results from disease processes.

 Pathophysiology is a biomedical science on the mechanisms related to development and elimination of pathological related to development and elimination of pathological processes and diseases processes and diseases Pathophysiology - definitions  Pathophysiology is a biomedical science dealing with functional changes in diseased organism. changes in diseased organism. It studies disordered or altered functions - the physiologic It studies disordered or altered functions - the physiologic mechanisms altered by disease in the living organism mechanisms altered by disease in the living organism w In clinical setting, pathologists, histologists and cytotechnologist study tissues and cells to establish the cause of a disease. w Physicians use that information to form a treatment plan.

Why pathophysiology is important for medical students and physicians 1.It helps them to find answers to important questions related to disease processes: a) What is the cause/causes of the disease, and why the disease is developing the disease is developing b) What are the mechanisms responsible for disease onset, progression, and recovery disease onset, progression, and recovery c) What are the mechanisms responsible for development of symptoms and signs of disease 2. If doctors are able to understand the causes and mechanisms of the disease, then they are able to find the way how to influence them rationally

–Sickness The physical and/or mental state of being “unwell” The physical and/or mental state of being “unwell” Can be due to emotions, background, inheritance self image, presence or absence of psychiatric problems, etc. Can be due to emotions, background, inheritance self image, presence or absence of psychiatric problems, etc. –Health Well being state indicating normality of body, mind Well being state indicating normality of body, mind and spirit. Origin in health cells in tissues and organs and spirit. Origin in health cells in tissues and organs –Sign Observable “objective” or measurable physical manifestations of disease(s) or disorder(s) Observable “objective” or measurable physical manifestations of disease(s) or disorder(s) A sign is an indication of some fact or quality; and a medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a physician during a physical examination of a patient A sign is an indication of some fact or quality; and a medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a physician during a physical examination of a patientsign Introduction to Pathophysiology

–Symptom “Subjective” evidence of a disease or disorder “Subjective” evidence of a disease or disorder A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and not measured A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and not measuredsymptom –Diagnosis Attachment of a specific name to a specific disease or disorder Attachment of a specific name to a specific disease or disorder Summation of signs, symptoms, tissue changes, chemistry, physiology or function changes unique to that disease or disorder Summation of signs, symptoms, tissue changes, chemistry, physiology or function changes unique to that disease or disorder

–Prognosis Making a prediction of the outcome of a disease or disorder Making a prediction of the outcome of a disease or disorder –Therapy Treatment of a disease or disorder Treatment of a disease or disorder Several components Several components –Supportive – lenses –Restorative – VT –Physical agents – laser –Chemical – medications –Surgical Introduction to Pathophysiology

–Etiology The “cause of” a disease or disorder The “cause of” a disease or disorder –Pathogenesis Underlying mechanisms resulting in the signs and symptoms of the patient Underlying mechanisms resulting in the signs and symptoms of the patient –Morphology Gross or microscopic appearance of cells and tissues Gross or microscopic appearance of cells and tissues For a disease or disorder to become manifested clinically, there first must be a dysfunction of a significant number of cells in an organ or tissue For a disease or disorder to become manifested clinically, there first must be a dysfunction of a significant number of cells in an organ or tissue Introduction to Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology disease...the physiologic basis of disease Disease Disease Any disturbance of structure or function Etiology...cause of a disease Prognosis …the predicted probably outcome of a disease. Incidence In what populations does the disease occur? What percentage or percentages? Pathogenesis “sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease”

Diagnosis...determination of nature & cause of a disease Evaluates: –History plays a major role in diagnosis –Signs & symptoms History includes: History of current illness Past medical history Family history Social history Review of systems

Diagnostic tests & procedures Clinical laboratory tests Tests of electrical activity Radioisotope studies Endoscopy Ultrasound X-ray CT Scan MRI Cytology/histology

Treatment - Interventions Drugs –Which drugs or groups of drugs? What do they do – why are they used? Surgery –Which procedures Purpose Brief description Other treatments –Example: radiation therapy

Pathologies may involve Any level or multiple levels

All disease occurs because of cell injury Either because of the injury itself or the repair process that follows

Causes of Cell Injury Hypoxia Direct physical action Ionizing radiation Toxic molecular injury Microbes Inflammatory & immune reactions Nutritional imbalances Genetic defects Aging

Biologic Aging Apoptosis –Programmed cell death or natural cell death Necrosis –Death caused by disease or induced cell death As cells age, functioning decreases Genetically, telomeres influence cell aging

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