1. INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY

2. Examinations Throughout The Year.midyear, written 30 marks (MCQs & essays).final, 70 marks -written, 40 marks (MCQs & essays) -practical, 20 marks (data show, glass slides, gross specimens) -general assessment during practical sessions, 2 marks -oral, 8 marks

3. Aim In Studying Pathology.identify different lesions (diseases).label etiologic factor (s) for each lesion.understand pathogenesis of each lesion.correlate morphological changes with clinical features for each lesion.plan treatment for each lesion.assess prognosis of various lesions.help layout preventive measures for each lesion

4. Definition.pathology can be defined as, -study of structural, biochemical, & functional changes in cells, tissues, & organs that underlie disease -study of causes & effects of disease.pathology is the discipline that bridges basic sciences & clinical practice

5. Disease.is variation from norm in structure &/or function of any organ example, pneumonia, structural changes in the lung>disturbance of function example, pneumonia, structural changes in the lung>disturbance of function

6. Aspects Of Disease.etiology.pathogenesis.biochemical & structural alterations.functional consequences.diagnosis.treatment.prognosis.prevention

7. Etiology.is the cause of disease -genetic cause -genetic cause -environmental cause -environmental cause

8. Pathogenesis.sequence of events in response of cells or tissues to etiologic agent, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of disease.examples -viral infection-proliferation of viruses inside cells>structural & functional changes in cells -viral infection-proliferation of viruses inside cells>structural & functional changes in cells -bacterial infection-release of toxins which destroy cells -bacterial infection-release of toxins which destroy cells

9. Biochemical And Structural Alterations.assays of various chemicals in blood & body fluids.structural alterations -molecular analysis.DNA changes -morphologic changes.macroscopic, (gross).microscopic, (light & electron) Biochemical And Structural Alterations.assays of various chemicals in blood & body fluids.structural alterations -molecular analysis.DNA changes -morphologic changes.macroscopic, (gross).microscopic, (light & electron)

10. Functional Derangements.end results which lead to clinical manifestations, (symptoms & signs)

11. Diagnosis And Treatment.identification of morphologic changes (gross & microscopic examination of cells & tissues)..utilization of chemical, molecular, microbiologic, & immunologic techniques

12. Prognosis.is outcome of disease Prevention.golden rule is “prevention is the best medicine”

13. Branches Of Pathology Histopathology & Cytopathology Hematology Chemical pathology MicrobiologyImmunology Forensic pathology Clinical genetics

14. Histopathology.is the study of tissue morphology -grossly by inspection for any change in size, shape, color, or presence of any abnormality -grossly by inspection for any change in size, shape, color, or presence of any abnormality -microscopically by using light microscope, (structural changes), & electron microscope, (ultra-structural changes) -microscopically by using light microscope, (structural changes), & electron microscope, (ultra-structural changes)

15. Divisions of Histopathology.general pathology -focuses on fundamental cellular & tissue responses to various stimuli.systemic pathology -deals with particular responses of specialized organs

16. Cytopathology.is the study of cell morphology, by using smears (cells put on slides).examples of smears -uterine cervical -uterine cervical -bronchial brush & wash -bronchial brush & wash -sputum -sputum -fluid aspirate -fluid aspirate -cavity fluid -cavity fluid

17. Biopsy.is a piece of tissue taken from living body.types -surgical (incisional or excisional) -surgical (incisional or excisional) -through endoscope or laparoscope -through endoscope or laparoscope

19. Autopsy.is a piece of tissue taken from dead body during postmortem examination

20. How To Deal With A Biopsy.the biopsy should be fixed in proper fixative like 10% formalin to prevent autolysis, (to prevent digestion of tissue by its own enzymes).put in proper labeled container.sent to the laboratory with attached request form filled with information -patient’s name, age, & sex -patient’s name, age, & sex -relative history & operative data about the disease (lesion) -relative history & operative data about the disease (lesion)