Three Domains of Life Protists Archea have classified Kingdoms; Bacteria do not (yet) On the contrary, Eukaryota is composed of well-defined Kingdoms including Plants, Fungus and Animals; the exception is Protists which we’ll discover are not monophyletic and include groups that are similar in design, but not in evolutionary processes

The Three Domains of Life Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies. Ability to make food Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Cell Type Number of cells in their body Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular

The Three Domains of Life Organisms can be: Prokaryotic – cells that lack a nucleus Eukaryotic – cells that contain a nucleus Unicellular – single-celled; made up of one cell Multicellular – made up of many cells Autotrophic – can make their own food Heterotrophic – can not make their own food

Circle the full scientific classification. Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Mammalia americanus Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Chordata Animalia Eukarya Circle the full scientific classification. Box the scientific name. List facts about the animal that the scientific classification lists.

Three Domains of Life Monophyletic; one c.a. ? What does this chart tell you about the distant past of all the organisims in all three domain's?

Major facts about the Domains Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea Consist of prokaryotes. Numerous, virtually countless Kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea are now 2 distinct Domains They were once included together in Kingdom Monera. Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes Consist of eukaryotes. 4 major kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Prokaryotes-- Oldest, structurally-simplest, and most abundant forms of life Important decomposers and symbionts Includes the kingdoms Archaea & Bacteria Unicellular (small Typically 1μm or less (1000 μm = 1mm; 1000mm = 1 meter) No nucleus; instead a single circular chromosome made of DNA. Asexual reproduction Some are photosynthetic bacteria Prokaryotes have a tough cell wall and other external structures Although they can transfer genetic material via their plasmids (horizontal gene transfer), however not considered reproduction

Prokaryotic organism.

Domain Bacteria They are found everywhere on Earth except extreme environments. They are unicellular, prokaryotic, some are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic.

Domain Archaea Once considered a subdivision of the Kingdom Monera, now its own domain. Like all prokaryotes, Archaea are single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Best known for the “extremophiles” – Archaea which thrive in extremely harsh environments Evidence for evolution of life on Earth?

Archea - Extremophiles Thermophiles – thrive at 60-80°C (>176°F!) Acidophiles – thrive at pH at or below pH 3 Xerophiles – grow in extremely dry conditions Halophiles – require extremely high concentrations of salt http://www.dpchallenge.com/image.php?IMAGE_ID=448561

Domain Eukarya (Eukaryota) Kingdoms: Protista (Protists) Fungi Plants (Plantae) Animals (Animalia)

Eukaryotic origin Prokaryotic cell changed by: Infolding the cell membrane Taking in smaller prokaryotes to create complex organelles Mitochondria have their own independent DNA, and a double membrane Chloroplasts resemble cyanobacteria; also have their own independent DNA and a double membrane

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic (Must be! Domain Eukarya) Largely unicellular with some multi-cellular ‘exceptions’ (e.g., kelps, seaweed) May be autotrophic or heterotrophic Debate over classification – Are some protists members of other kingdoms? Would protists best be considered as several different kingdoms?

Kingdom Protista Characterized by: Mode of locomotion (e.g., flagella, cilia) Mode of nutrition (e.g., autotrophic, heterotrophic) Body form (unicellular, multicellular) Pigmentation (e.g., Red, Green, Brown alga) Reproduction (asexual, sexual) Essentially you are a protist if you are not clearly an animal, plant or fungus! Multicellular protists are distinguished from other Kingdoms by their lack of specialized tissues

Protists amoeba euglena volvox paramecium

Kingdom Protista paramecium Kelp volvox Red Algae Who here eats seaweed? Kelp volvox Red Algae

Kingdom Protista Have you ever eaten a protist?, or should I ask, have you ever eaten seaweed??? Just to complicate matters, green algae is categorized as a plant in Kingdom Plantae…

Green Plants evolved from Green Algae

Kingdom Fungi Unicellular (molds, mildews) and multi-cellular (Mushrooms) ~1.5 million species Important decomposers Includes many disease-causing organisms Others are important symbionts and fermenting organisms

Kingdom Fungi Chestnut Blight – a fungal disease which has virtually eliminated the American chestnut Accidentally introduced into the U.S. on imported lumber from Asia The roots of the tree are fairly resistant to the fungus, but the tree succumbs once it grows enough shoots to reproduce Unknown spreading agent (the spores are everywhere!)

Kingdom Fungi At the turn of the twentieth century, one quarter of all trees in the eastern United States were chestnut! If you have ever eaten a chestnut, you had a European import; only our grandparents may have ever tasted an American chestnut 1/4th of eastern American trees were Chestnuts, incredibly important for wildlife, only a few surviving – trying to breed resistant (Asian) chestnuts with American to save and restore; cankers caused by fungus cause limb to crack http://www.kychestnut.org/images/openGrownTree.jpg

Why did the mushroom go to the party? Many fungi live underground, and can reach great sizes The largest known specimen covers more than 3.4 square miles and is thousands of years old And some species of fungi are bioluminescent! Fungi often have interactions or symbioses with other organisms Believed to be 2400 years old

Connected underground by hyphae! Armillaria fungus Connected underground by hyphae!

A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and green algae or cyanobacteria Leaf-cutter ants –The ants feed on special structures produced by a fungus that they have domesticated Fungal Ecology Inhabit extreme environments – arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, rainforests;widespread and long-lived, but subject to environmental disturbance (melanism!)

Just in case you didn’t believe me… I don’t think the smurfs are bioluminescent though! http://www.flickr.com/photos/kellyslittlepieces/2243322652/

Plants multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic most live on land

Animals multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic live in diverse environments