Ch: 14 Crisis and Absolutism England, France, Spain, Russia, Prussia, Austria

Crisis? What crisis? Isn’t everything fine in Europe after the Renaissance? Religion, Religion, Religion!!! Conflict between Protestants and Catholics result in wars for religious and political control of the different regions of Europe

Absolutism…Absolutely! Absolute monarchs are also associated with the rise of professional standing armies, professional bureaucracies, the codification of state laws, and the rise of ideologies that justify the absolutist monarchy. Absolutist monarchs typically were considered to have the divine right of kings as a cornerstone of the philosophy that justified their power.

England 1558 laid foundation for a world empire For political (not religious reasons…although used religion as a justification) Henry VIII established the Church of England

Henry VIII’s SIX wives Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Divorced after 20 yrs. Executed Died (Child=Mary) (Child=Elizabeth) (Child=Edward) Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Katherine Parr AnnuledBeheadedOutlived

Spain Largest empire; Catholic; spread to Cen and S. America King Philip II: controlled Spanish Netherlands (Flanders); foremost Western European power Married to Queen Mary of England Spanish Armada very powerful in early part of Era of Absolutism (because of the Age of Exploration) England defeated the Armada when Queen Elizabeth (his sister-in- law) was in power

Spanish Armada Queen Mary I Qqueen Mary I

“Bloody Mary” 1555: Protestant Bonfires (burned at the stake) As Queen, Mary was very concerned about heresy and the English church. She had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father and the establishment of Protestantism by Edward VI.

England and the Elizabethan Age Defeated the Spanish Armada Shakespearean Era

Russia Ivan IV (aka: Ivan the Terrible) Czar –Time of Troubles Michael Romanov came to power and the Romanov family ruled from 1613 lasted until 1917 (WWI) Peter the Great(1689) –Sought to “westernize” Russia (“open a window to the West”) European technology Police state Built St. Petersburg

30 YEAR’S WAR Included ALL European Powers, except England Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Germany), although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. Gradually the war developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European powers. [ [

France Louis XIV (14) takes “power” in 1643 at 4 years old Cardinal Mazarin ran country until his death 1661 At 23, Louis took over ABSOLUTE power and DIVINE RIGHT Created Versailles Anti-Protestant Policy Spread mercantilism

Versailles(just outside of Paris, France)

Peace of Westphalia Ended European Wars of Religion –Independent city-states –Religion –Foreign Policy –End of “Holy Roman Empire”

End of the Thirty Year’s War…

England after Elizabeth  Parliament passed petition that king could not pass taxes without Parliament’s consent

Prussia, Austria, and “Germany” Prussia, Austria, and the German city- states are somewhat powerful at the time Since the Hapsburgs lost “Germany” which was the Holy Roman Empire, the family took Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary and when they defeated the Turks (Muslims) in 1683, they took Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovania

Hapsburgs in Eastern Europe

Must Knows… Religious tension Absolutism (in Europe) Henry VIII and Act of Supremacy Thirty Year’s War Peace of Westphalia English Civil War, Cromwell and the Glorious Revolution France, Spain, Hapsburgs, Russia, Austria, etc. End of the HRE