Chapter 38 A World without Borders 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The End of the Cold War President Ronald Reagan (in office ) deeply opposes USSR  The “evil empire” Promotes massive military spending, beyond Soviet economy to keep up Forces Soviet Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931- ) to implement reforms, ultimately brings down the USSR 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe East Germany decides to open the Berlin Wall  East and West Germany reunite (1990)  Tear down this wall:   Fall of berlin wall:  ohtml5=False ohtml5=False ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

The Collapse of the Soviet Union and European Communist Regimes, 1991 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Soviet Setbacks in Afghanistan Soviets 1979 invasion of Afghanistan Nine-year battle against Afghan mujahideen (Islamic warriors)  CIA supplies them with ground-to-air Stinger missiles 1986, USSR forced to pull out of Afghanistan UN-negotiated cease-fire leads to full withdrawal in 1989 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev's reforms  Gorbachev hoped for economic reform within political and economic system  Centralized economy inefficient, military spending excessive  Declining standard of living, food shortages, shoddy goods ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

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Perestroika and Glasnot Perestroika: "restructuring" the economy  Tried decentralizing economy, market system, profit motive Glasnost: "openness" to public criticism, admitting past mistakes  Opened door to widespread criticism of party and government ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

Collapse  In 1991, conservatives attempted coup; wished to restore communism  Regions of ethnic groups became independent; Soviet Union ceased to exist Toward an uncertain future  Communism remained only in Cuba and North Korea ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Economic Globalization Reduction and removal of barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services, and labor GATT  Formed in 1947 as vehicle to promote free trade World Trade Organization (WTO) takes over from GATT in 1995 Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market  Seek cheapest labor and resources; prefer lax environmental laws  Pay less in taxes in developed world than formerly ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Economic Growth in Japan Postwar Japan had few resources, no overseas empire Benefited from U.S. aid, investments, and protection Japan pursued export-oriented growth supported by low wages  Began with labor-intensive exports, textiles, iron, and steel  Reinvested profits in capital-intensive and technology- intensive production Rapid growth, 1960s-1980s; suffered recession in 1990s 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Rise of China Late 1970s opened China to foreign investment and technology Gradual shift from planned communist economy to market economy Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets China joined WTO in 2001 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Trading Blocs European Union  Begun in 1957 with six nations, now includes fifteen  A common market, free trade, free travel within the Union  Eleven members adopted a common currency, the Euro, in 1999  Expectations of a European Political Union eventually ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

European Union Membership, 2004 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)  Cartel established in 1960 to raise global oil prices  After Arab-Israeli war of 1973, OPEC placed embargo on oil to United States, Israel's ally  Price of oil quadrupled from 1973 to 1975, triggered global recession  Overproduction and dissension among members diminished influence, 1990s ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Critics To supporters, global economy efficient, best path to global prosperity To critics, widens gap between rich and poor, destroys environment, threatens local and traditional crafts and economies ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Population Pressures Dramatic population increases in twentieth century  Population increased from 500 million in 1650 to 2.5 billion in 1950  Asia and Africa experienced population explosion after WWII  6.6 billion people in 2005; perhaps 9 billion people in 2050 The planet's carrying capacity: how many people can the earth support?  Scientists and citizens concerned about physical limits of the earth ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Population (in Millions) for Major Areas of the World, Major Area Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America Oceania World (total) Source: World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. Highlights. New York: United Nations, ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Climate Change  Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity  Gas emissions, coal burning contribute to global warming  In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissions ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Population Control Population control: a highly politicized issue  Some developing nations charge racism when urged to limit population  UN agencies have aided many countries with family-planning programs  China's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rate  Other cultures still favor larger families, for example, India ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Economic Inequities Causes of poverty  Inequities in resources and income separate rich and poor societies  Attendant problems: malnutrition, environmental degradation  Legacy of colonialism: economic dependence 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Labor  Slavery abolished worldwide by 1960s  Millions still forced into bonded labor  Child-labor servitude common in south and southeast Asia Trafficking of persons across international boundaries widespread  Victims, mostly girls and women, lured with promises of work  Often in sex industry; hugely profitable though criminal ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Global Diseases Disease has always played an important role in the development of human communities 1978, UN called for end to all infectious diseases by 2000; unrealistic goal Ancient diseases tuberculosis and malaria on rise New diseases: Ebola fever and HIV/AIDS Threat throughout the world, but has struck the developing world the hardest – sub-Saharan Africa 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

AIDS in Africa AIDS in Africa – 22.4 million living with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa  Kills adults in prime; many children in Africa orphaned  Threatens social and economic basis of African societies  Many cannot afford treatment ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

Global Terrorism Terrorism: deliberate, systematic use of violence against civilians Cheaper, more effective than conventional war, thus accessible to smaller groups September 11, 2001: four planes hijacked by terrorists  Crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), Pentagon, field in Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted mission, intended target)  Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden (1957- ), leader of al-Qaeda (“the Base”) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

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War in Afghanistan and Iraq Imposed strict Islamic law: regulated dress, entertainment, media Women barred from education, work, health services November 2001, U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan, drove out Taliban, al-Qaeda President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda training bases Overthrows Taliban government Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein, perceived as ally of Osama bin Laden ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

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The United Nations The United Nations, founded 1945 "to maintain international peace and security"  Not successful at preventing wars, for example, Iran-Iraq war  Cannot legislate, but has influence in international community  More successful in health and educational goals: eradication of smallpox, decrease in child mortality, increase in female literacy 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The United Nations 30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Human Rights Human rights: an ancient concept, gaining wider acceptance  Nuremberg Trials of Nazis established concept of "crimes against humanity"  UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights: forbids slavery, torture, discrimination  NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

Nuremberg Trial 9U 9U ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

Global Feminism Status of women changed dramatically after WWII in industrialized states Women demanded full equality with men, access to education and employment  Arab and Muslim lands: continued gaps in literacy Birth control enables women to control their bodies and avoid "biology destiny" U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids discrimination on basis of race or sex 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

China Gender equality in China  Communist states often improved women's legal status  Despite legal reforms, China's women have not yet gained true equality  One-child policy encourages infanticide or abandonment of baby girls ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34

Internal Migration Internal migration: tremendous flow from rural to urban settings  Part of process of industrialization; in western societies 75 percent of population is urban  Urbanization a difficult transition for rural people  Crowded in slums (barrios) at the edge of cities; strain urban services ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35

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External Migration External migration: fleeing war, persecution, seeking opportunities  Thirteen million "guest workers" migrated to western Europe since 1960  Ten million migrants (mostly Mexican) migrated to United States since 1960  In oil-producing countries, foreigners make up half of working population  About 130 million people currently live outside their countries of citizenship 39 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Migrant communities Migrant communities within host societies  Migrants enrich societies in many ways, but also spark hostility and conflict  Fears that migrants will undermine national identity, compete for jobs  Anti-immigrant movements (xenophobia) lead to violence and racial tension ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40