Cellular Respiration Section 1: ATP Adenosine triphosphate Section 1: ATP Adenosine triphosphate

What is Energy? What ATP is and HOW it works Noteworthy People

The ability to do work. Ride Bike Study Walking Breathing Mitosis How does the body store and produce energy? What is Energy?

A molecule in the cell that allows quick and easy access to energy when needed by the cell’s organelles. A type of chemical energy Releases energy when the chemical bonds are broken. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) P P A P

Mono = One phosphate group Di = Two phosphate groups Tri = three phosphates groups Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) P P A P

ATP binds to a specific site on a protein molecule, similar to putting batteries in a flashlight. Once the bond between one of the phosphate groups is broken ATP becomes ADP. The battery of the cell

ADP can be recharged back to ATP by processes in the mitochondria. Recharging the Battery

P P A Process I NEED ENERGY PLEASE!! Process Woohoo! I’m Energized!! Woohoo! I’m Energized!! ADP P P

What is Energy? What ATP is and HOW it works In Review...

Energy in a Cell - Plants Photosynthesis

What is Photosynthesis? Where photosynthesis happens Color: How it works The two phases of Photosynthesis Inside This Section...

Photosynthesis is a process of taking light energy and turning it into chemical energy. This energy is stored as carbohydrates in plants. What is Photosynthesis

Happens in two phases: Light-dependent reactions - converts light energy into chemical energy Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)- produce glucose What is Photosynthesis?

In Chloroplasts there are thylakoid disks/grana Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplast Thylakoid Disks

Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight. Chlorophyll is the most common type of pigment in chloroplasts. Pigments

We see the colors that are reflected and not absorbed. Green pigments absorb all light except green (chlorophyll). When the weather changes all the chlorophyll is absorbed into the tree. Why we see Color

The Big Picture Light Light-dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP Glucose H2OH2O O2O2 CO 2

A light-dependent reaction involves sunlight striking molecules of chlorophyll and exciting an electron. In order to replenish a supply of electrons two water molecules are broken down into… 4 electrons 2 Oxygen molecules 4 Hydrogen atoms Light – Dependent Reactions

Light Dependent Reactions Light energizes electrons in P.S. II Energized electron accepted by primary electron acceptor Energized electron travels by redox reactions to P.S. I, gives off energy as travels Energy used to pull H+ ions across thylakoid membrane into lumen and create concentration gradient

Light Reactions (continued) At same time as light hits P.S. II enzyme causes water to be split releasing 4H+, 4 e-, and oxygen Oxygen diffuses out of thylakoid membrane 4 electrons go back to replenish e- lost in P.S. II H+ stays in lumen (will cause conc grad)

Light reactions continued P.S. I energized by light and e- energized Electron travels to primary electron acceptor Electron travels by redox reactions to stroma, gives off energy as travels Energy used to help 2H+ plus electron plus NADP+ become NADPH

Light reactions continued H+ gradient set up across membrane causes H+ to go through chemiosmosis with help of ATP synthases Energy from this process causes ADP to become ATP NADPH and ATP made in light reactions used to run dark reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Light reactions – Look at diagram in text Modern Biology

The energy that the electron lost during its journey down the chain is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP. The spare electron is picked up by NADP + When NADP + picks up an electron it becomes NADPH Forming ATP P P A P

This phase of photosynthesis does not require light. This takes the products of the light reaction and turns it into sugars, starches, and/or cellulose. Also called The Calvin Cycle Light – Independent Reactions

The Calvin Cycle CO 2 Unstable 6-carbon molecule 5-carbon molecule H2OH2O Two 3-carbon molecules (2PGA) NADPH + H + NADP P P A P P A P P + 6-carbon sugar (glucose) Two 3-carbon sugars (2PGAL) P P A P P P A P +

A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane. The excited electron is passed down two different chains losing energy as it goes. The Electron Transport Chain e-e-e-e- P P A P

The General Equation What two vital substances do we get from photosynthesis? 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon DioxideWaterGlucoseOxygen

What is Photosynthesis? Where photosynthesis happens Color: How it works The two phases of Photosynthesis In Review...

Energy in a Cells – Aerobic versus Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Fermentation Cellular Respiration Fermentation

What is Cellular Respiration? The 3 Stages Fermentation Inside This Section...

A process of taking oxygen and glucose and turning them into ATP, energy for the body. Where do we get glucose from? What is Cellular Respiration?

A gasoline engine might be as efficient as 25%, meaning that 75% of the energy is given up as heat. Cellular respiration is 40% efficient with 60% of the energy going to heat. How Efficient is It?

Cellular respiration happens in 3 phases: Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) What is Cellular Respiration?

The Big Picture (3 Stages) Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Electron Transport Chain

A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. 4 ATP molecules are produced 2 ATP molecules are used in the process. The net gain is 2 ATP molecules 2 NADH molecules are produced Glycolysis

Notice that NAD+ picks up an electron Glucose P P 2 PGAL 2ATP 2ADP 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 4ADP 4ATP 2NAD + 2NADH + 2H +

Following Glycolysis pyruvic acid moves into the mitochondria where it undergoes a series of chemical reactions that causes it to lose one CO 2 molecule. The intermediate product combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. Intermediate Stage

A series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2. 1 Molecule of ATP is produced. 3 Molecules of NADH are produced 1 FADH2 Molecule is produced CO 2 is a by-product of the Krebs Cycle This phase is similar to the Calvin cycle The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Acetyl CoA 6-carbon molecule Oxaloacetic acid NADH + H + NAD + Citric acid CoA CO 2 4-carbon molecule Succinic acid CO 2 NADH + H + NAD + NADH + H + ATP ADP FADH 2 FAD + Ketoglutaric acid 5-carbon molecule 4-carbon molecule

A series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. (Similar in idea to plant cells) FADH 2 & NADH carry electrons to the Chain. O 2 is the final electron acceptor. O 2 binds with H+ to form H 2 O The ETC produces 38 ATP molecules For each NADH – 3 ATP in ETC, For each FADH2 -2 ATP in ETC Electron Transport Chain

Electron Transport Chain – redox reactions e-e-e-e- P P A P NADH FADH 2 e-e-e-e- O2O2O2O2

Fermentation is a process that follows Glycolysis when Oxygen is not present. Two types of fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Fermentation

Under anaerobic conditions, the Krebs cycle and ETC cannot happen Two molecules of pyruvate uses NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid This releases NAD +, which can be used for glycolysis to continue happening This yields ATP (not as much) that can be used for energy (only 2 net ATP for each glucose) Lactic Acid Fermentation

Used by yeast cells Produces CO 2 and Ethyl Alcohol Yields net 2 ATP for each glucose Alcoholic Fermentation

What is Cellular Respiration? What is Fermentation? What are the net ATP from fermentation? What are the net ATP from aerobic respiration? In Review...