Chemical Reactions inside Cells Chapter 2.1

Chemical Reactions Bonds between atoms are ___ and new bonds are formed to make ___molecules _____ to break bonds between atoms Energy is ____ when new bonds form Takes place ___ the cell To the right, two hydrogen molecules chemically react with an oxygen molecule to form H2O, or water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj9D3mc7tVg

The New Food Pyramid

___ Provide the _____ Simple ___ are ___ made from atoms of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen Inside cells, sugar molecules are broken down, providing ____ Complex ____ are longer strands of carbohydrates ______ ____- extra sugar molecules stored in plant cells ____- makes the cell wall of plant cells

carbohydrates

_____ ____ found in living things Made of atoms of _____ … but arranged differently Many ____ have molecules of ____ attached to ____ of carbon and hydrogen atoms (called ____) Cannot mix with ___!!!

Lipids

____ Made of smaller molecules called ____ Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, ____, and sometimes ____ Link together in long chains that make ____ shapes Structure and function of proteins depend on _____ of amino acids Foods, such as ____, are high in protein

Proteins ____ (type of protein)- control chemical reactions in cells _____ when you eat Proteins can Help ____ to move ____ growth ____ infections

Proteins

_____ ____ that give instructions for the ______ of a cell _____ Made from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and _____ _____- parts of DNA strand

Nucleic Acids DNA Provides _____ used by the cell for making _____ _____ in specific orders/ patterns Patterns of nucleotides are coded into ____ RNA _____ into cytoplasm Some RNA produces ____

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules…. SONG?!?!?! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9cfkQfKlkI

Importance of Water All chemical reactions inside a cell take place inside ____ Water makes up ___ of your body’s weight! Water inside cells makes up ___ of your body’s mass (weight) Water in body makes up for another ____ Water is made of ____and ___atom (H2O)

Importance of Water Water is _____ Hydrogen has a ____, oxygen has a _____ Think of a magnet! This helps water to _____, or stick to other water molecules This also helps water to ____ a lot of substances

Water

Oxygen atoms link with hydrogen atoms

Cellular Respiration Chapter 2.2

All Cells Need Energy ___- energy stored in the bonds between ___ In every ___ Cells ___ chemical energy after they bond ___- stored energy in sugar molecules Type of energy cells ___ Found in ___ cells that you take in Helps your body to grow and move

Photosynthesis ___- the process that plant cells use to change the energy from sunlight into ___ energy This is why plant cells have ___, which are filled with ___ Chlorophyll is a ___that ___ energy from the sunlight http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eh-_45IRyg4

Photosynthesis Begin with ___ and oxygen CO2 from the air and H2O from the soil ___ captures energy from sunlight This energy causes a ___ reaction that changes CO2 and H2O into new products New ___ include ___ and usable sugars, such as glucose Oxygen is ___ from plants for us to use!

Cellular Respiration ___- cells use ___ to ___ energy stored in sugars, such as glucose Most energy used by cells in your ___ is provided by cellular respiration! Takes place in the ___ Both plant and animal cells

Cellular Respiration Begin with ______ ___ in the ___ is broken down into smaller molecules Releases energy Molecules and ___ enter the mitochondria Molecules are ___down and hydrogen is released to make water Produces ______ http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellularrespiration/

Fermentation ___- the process by which cells release energy without oxygen Without oxygen= _____ Occurs in the _____ Break down sugars into small molecules Make foods, such as bread, yogurt, and cheese Yeast and bacteria help to ferment

Fermentation _____fermentation Some ____ release energy through this type of fermentation Convert___ found in milk into lactic acid Used to make ____ Lactic acid creates a ____ Lactic acid is a ___ in your cells when you exercise

Fermentation ____ fermentation Done by ___ and some bacteria Waste products are _____ Used to make types of _____ ____helps bread to rise before both waste products get ____

Materials Move Across Cell Membranes Chapter 2.3

What’s in a Membrane?

Diffusion ___- the process by which molecules ____ or move from areas where there are many of them to areas where there are fewer Example:

Diffusion Think of a cold winter day. You go outside and exhale. You see fog in front of you. Watching the fog carefully, you notice that it seems to spread out as it escapes from your mouth, mixing with the air. Soon, you cannot see it anymore. Freedom! This shows diffusion because the water vapor in your breath started out very concentrated inside your mouth and, when exposed to the air, spread out to mix with the rest of the air

Diffusion Happens because all molecules in gases, liquids, and solids are in ___ in all directions Cells use ___ to ___ nutrients and waste products, such as ____ Move from an area where something is ___ concentrated to an area where something is___ concentrated

Concentration ___- the number (___) of particles in a specific ___ (___) The ___ the starting concentration, the ___ diffusion will occur Think of air escaping out of a balloon When the concentration ___, diffusion ___ down All in all, they want to reach a ___

In Cells Small molecules, like oxygen, move through gaps in the cell membrane (like the pores in your skin) oxygen Freedom!

Passive Transport Materials move ___ using cell’s energy It just happens…. ___ Substances can only transport, or ___, across a cell membrane if it can ___ that make up the cell membrane Some ___ carries ___ substances Amino acid, glucose, salt ___are moved through ___ (opening) that are ___ to each substance

Osmosis ___- diffusion of water through a cell membrane Deals with the ___ of water inside and outside the cell If the concentration is ___ on one side, the water will move to the lower side http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3_8FSrqc-I

Active Transport Diffusion does not work for ____. Some materials need ___ to move throughout cells Examples Removing excess salt from the body http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1-t838w1HE

Permeability What does it mean to be permeable? ___ = to be able to go through something A cell membrane would be permeable to certain objects (____) because it allows small objects to go through, but not large ones We can also call a cell membrane _____ (picky, picky) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNtHYnL6rT0

______ Sometimes materials are ___ to be moved through a membrane ____ means “inner” or “inside” in Ancient Greek A ____ forms around the large material, trapping it Similar looking to the amoeba eating a paramecium This pocket ____ from the cell itself and moves into the middle of the cell Cells use ____ to fight _____ by absorbing them!

_____ When the material trapped from endocytosis needs to be ____, exocytosis takes place ____ means “outer” or “outside” in Ancient Greek The pocket formed through endocytosis ___ with the cell membrane The outer pocket becomes part of the ____ again The material is ___ of the cell