The Reformation Spreads Mr. Snell HRHS

Setting the Stage Queen Elizabeth & Anglican Church established in England. Other forms of Protestantism were developing in Europe. Martin Luther launched the reformation in Germany – But reformers were working in other countries too! John Calvin in Switzerland.

John Calvin Continues the Reformation Began in Switzerland with Huldrych Zwingli. – Catholic priest in Zurich. – Openly attacked abuses in the Catholic Church. Called for a return to early Christianity. – Believers have more control in church = War between Swiss Protestants and Catholics broke out. Zwingli died.

Calvin Formalizes Beliefs Calvin was 8 years old when Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses. Calvin gave order to the faith Luther began – Publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion. – Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature.

Predestination Men and women are sinful by nature. God chooses very few people to save. God has known since the beginning of time who would be saved. Calvinism – the Religion based on Calvin’s teachings.

Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland Theocracy – Government controlled by religious leaders. – Ideal government 1541 – Protestants in Geneva ask Calvin to lead their city. Calvin ruled with strict rules: – Everyone attended religion class. – No one wore bright clothing or play card games. – Punishments were banishment, excommunication, or imprisonment. – False preachers were burned at the stake. Geneva – the model city of highly moral citizens for Protestants.

Calvinism Spreads John Knox –Scottish preacher Presbyterians – Follows of John Knox. Organized community churches that were governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters. Calvinism became Scotland’s official religion.

Pt II. Many Protestant churches traces their roots to Calvin. – Softened his teachings over the years Huguenots – Follows of Calvin in France St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Catholic mobs began hunting for Protestants and murdering them. Over 12,000 killed.

The Anabaptists Only baptized people they considered old enough to decide to be a Christian. People baptized as children should be re-baptized as adults. Anabaptist – “Baptize again” in Greek. Separation of Church and state. Refusal to fight in wars. Faced persecution from Catholics and Protestants. Today = Amish and Mennonites.

Women’s Roles in the Reformation Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while living in France. Katherina von Bora – Luther’s wife. – Argued to Luther about women’s equal role in marriage. Male religious leaders limited women’s activities to the home and discouraged them from becoming religious leaders in the church. “God’s highest gift on earth is a pious, cheerful, God- fearing, home-keeping wife.” – Martin Luther.

The Catholic Reformation Also known as the Counter Reformation. Millions remained true to Catholicism. Reform of the Catholic church.

Ignatius of Loyola Grew up in Spain. Injured in war. Thought about past sins, and the life of Jesus. Wrote Spiritual Excercises – a devotional study book. Followers became known as Jesuits, forming the Society of Jesus.

Reforming Popes Paul III – 1. Direction Council of Cardinals to investigate the selling of indulgences. – 2. Approved the Jesuit order. – 3. Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. – 4. Council of Trent.

Council of Trent The church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Christians need faith and good works for salvation. The Bible and church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. Banned the false selling of indulgences.

Paul IV Carried out the decrees of the Council of Trent. Index of Forbidden Books – List of books harmful to the Catholic faith. Burn them all! 10,000 books on one day in Venice alone.

Legacy of the Reformation Set the stage for the modern world. Ended Christian unity of Europe. Divided Europe culturally.

Branches of Christianity Catholicism – Roman Catholic – Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox Russian Orthodox Protestant – Lutheran – Presbyterian – Baptist – Methodist – Episcopalian – Anglican – Etc.