The role of Primary Supply in a Circular Economy Prof. Dr. Raimund Bleischwitz Deputy Director BHP Billiton Chair in Sustainable Global Resources A Contribution to the EIP on Raw Materials Annual Conference and Horizon 2020 Brokerage Event on Raw Materials 13th-14th January 2015, Brussels

A Circular Economy: What for Ellen MacArthur Foundation More resilient supply chains Process innovation large scale (Systemic) Eco-Innovation, e.g.: – waste as a resource, – sustainable cement (and other materials) – Commercialisation of CO 2 as a raw material for the production of plastic foam More jobs (+ 2 Mill in the EU) and growth Waste as a Resource Sita UK Holcim / Cement production

New metal recovery (e.g. Ni) in galvanisation New metal recovery (e.g. Ni) in galvanisation Mechatronic – Intelligent reshuffling for blankets saves 12 % of materials. DEMEA award 2012 Mechatronic – Intelligent reshuffling for blankets saves 12 % of materials. DEMEA award 2012 Process Innovation – From Niches to Norm Reported savings in metal processing;, ca. 25 % losses along steel value chain, 40 % in Al China has set up an association to promote the circular economy. Dutch ‘Circle Economy’ Association promotes an assessment tool => Savings re-invested for R&I

Addressing Supply for a CE Bio-Based? Minerals! Shifting from non-renewable resources to a renewable basis is not an option (currently a 3/4 share in resource use, ecosystem services unlikely to deliver) Managing non-renewable resources is a key to sustainable development So are mineral fertilizer for food security Supply gap Looming exploration and investment gaps likely lead to a supply gap for key commodities (copper) REN need more steel; HFC more zinc and platinum; heavy REE needed for a number of applications Sustainable buildings require stronger, more flexible and lighter materials Sustainable transport requires light-weight steel, composites, aluminium, and carbon fibres. Electric alternative vehicles need lithium, cobalt, REE

Possible Initiatives for a Comprehensive Approach An international accessible data hub based on an integrative mapping of both primary and secondary supply Metrics and benchmarks Information Doubling the rate of secondary materials used in production processes Doubling resource efficiency Targets Transition plans for a market share of > 30 % of sustainable materials and products EIP commitments as lead markets Industry

Outlook on a  Key industries e.g. refinery, processing, recycling, collection and logistics  Potential new innovation pathways by applying CE to extraction (REN, sustainable water and land use, mining waste as a resource, rehabilitation)  Key enabling tools: integrated assessments, foresight, scenarios and modelling (industry and regional scales)

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