The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 Chapter 15 AP WORLD HISTORY

Focus Questions What were the objectives and major accomplishments of the voyages of exploration undertaken by Chinese, Polynesians, and other non-Western peoples? In this era of long-distance exploration, did Europeans have any special advantages over other cultural regions? What explains the different nature of Europe’s interactions with Africa, India, and the Americas?

Global Maritime Expansion

The Pacific Ocean Polynesians colonized Pacific islands (100 BCE – 800 BCE) For centuries they traveled to nearby islands (Melanesia, Fiji, Tonga) Developed a 120 foot long canoe to travel farther Colonized: Marquesas Hawaii Easter Island New Zealand South America Access to sweet potato (domesticated in S. America) Polynesian settlement of the Pacific islands was planned

The Indian Ocean Malayo-Indonesians sailed westward to colonize Madagascar (SE Coast of Africa) The rise of Islam increased trade throughout the Indian Ocean By 1400 there were Muslim trading centers all around the Indian Ocean In 1368 the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongols and China started to become a dominant power again Ming sent imperial fleets out between 1405-1433 to expand China’s trade Admiral Zheng He (1371-1435) was a Chinese Muslim who led the expeditions The ships had many goods including rich silks and precious metals Carried gifts back to the Chinese emperor Form of diplomacy

The Atlantic Ocean Vikings conquered European coastal settlements of the Atlantic Ocean in the Middle Ages First settled in Iceland in 770 and established a colony in Greenland in 982 Leif Ericsson established a colony called Vinland on Newfoundland in 1001 Genoese and Portuguese voyagers settled in Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries in the 14th century (1300s)

The Atlantic Ocean Mansa KanKan Musa, ruler of the Mali kingdom passed through Egypt on his way to Mecca in 1324 In the Americas, Amerindian voyagers settled in the West Indies In 1000, Arawaks (Tainos) traveled to the Lesser Antilles Islands (Barbados, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) and the Greater Antilles Islands (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico) The Caribs traveled the same lands in the late 15th century and took over Arawak settlements

European Expansion, 1400-1550

Motives For Exploration Voyages had four main goals: Revival of urban life and trade Alliance between merchants and rulers in Europe Struggle with Islamic powers for the Mediterranean and dominant religion Curiosity about the outside world By 1450 N. Italy established trade links to N. Europe, the Indian Ocean, and the Black Sea The struggle between Muslims and Christians was also influenced by control over trade routes/land Isabella and Ferdinand and the creation of Spain

Portuguese Voyages Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry) [1394-1460] 1415 - Portuguese conquered the rich city of Ceuta in Morocco Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry) [1394-1460] Sagres – center of navigation research Improvement of instruments; magnetic compass, astrolabe Caravel Found safer ocean routes back to their home Increase in African slave trade along the Gold Coast Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) led 4 voyages between 1492 and 1504 Believed that there was a shorter, western path to Asia King and Queen of Spain sponsored him Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria Amerigo Vespucci  “America” Treaty of Tordesillas Ferdinand Magellan (ca. 1480-1521) First to circumnavigate the globe Spanish Voyages

Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550

Western Africa Portuguese first visit Gold Coast in 1471 Around 1482, an African King, Caramansa, made a ceremony in response to the Portuguese’s impressive ceremony Both groups made a mutual agreement for trade and cooperation King Caramansa gave an ultimatum to the Portuguese Benin in the Niger Delta Kongo near the Congo River Slave trade increases and has a greater impact on Western Coast of Africa

Portuguese and various African kingdoms had a complex relationship Eastern Africa Eastern African ruler, Malindi allied with the Portuguese for help with access to India Ethiopia and Portugal allied under common Christian beliefs Ethiopia was weakened by attacks from the Ottoman Turks Queen Helena of Ethiopia proposed the alliance but died in 1522 before it solidified Another ruler helped make the alliance official Portuguese and various African kingdoms had a complex relationship

Indian Ocean States The Portuguese wanted complete control of the Indian Ocean’s trade routes Gujarat, Malabar Coast, Calicut, and Hormuz were ports that the Portuguese pillaged and conquered City of Malacca Entrepot Established port city of Macao in 1557 in China The Mughals and Ottomans were suspicious of the Portuguese and resisted Portuguese failed to control the Indian Ocean and went on to brutally colonize Brazil

The Americas No new technology Susceptible to disease (smallpox after 1518) The Natives were isolated were negatively affected by Spanish and Portuguese colonization Were skilled at working with gold Contact with Christopher Columbus and his settlers brought distruction The Arawak cultivated corn, cassava, sweet potatoes, hot peppers, cotton and tobacco Conquistadors

The Americas The Maya, Aztec, and Inca were powerful native empires that experienced difficult encounters with European settlers Moctezuma (r. 1502-1520) II Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) Atahualpa (r. 1531-1533) Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541)