1. The Maritime Revolution to 1550
Chapter 15 Know maps on p 378 &382 & 383
Eric Schoenbaum/ Venice HS/

2. Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

3. Pacific Ocean 0 - 1200, Polynesian peoples from Malay Peninsula go to:
New Guinea, Melanesia, Easter Island, Hawaii, New Zealand
Not accidental voyages but colonization

4. Polynesian Settlement

5. Easter Island

6. Indian Ocean Malay people settle Madagascar
Rise of Islam gives Indian Ocean trade a boost. Networks of trade develop throughout area.
Review also Zheng He’s Indian O. voyages

7. Atlantic Ocean
Vikings Northern European raiders use open ships to attack coastal European settlements for several centuries.
Also settle Iceland 770, Greenland 982 and Newfoundland - cold returns.
Caribs and Inca settle northward (see map p.382)
Collapse

8. Viking Ship

9. European Expansion
Iberian expansion overseas has several motives - religious (crusading), economic (the Italians had a much higher portion of Asian trade), and political (expand newly consolidated nations)
Maritime and military technological advances make it possible
To this must be added individual ambitions and skill of Henry the Navigator

10. Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition
Iberians (Portugal & Spain) take risks they use from China magnetic compass & from Greeks or Arabs astrolabe
Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition
Henry is head of Orders of Christ
1415 Ceurta, Morocco - can’t get to trans Saharan gold trade
Creates “lab”
1418 Madeira

11. Use small ship with cannon & Lateen sail
1444 Senegal River - Cape Verde 1st financial reward - sell slaves from raids
By ,000
By 1457 enough gold to mint Cruzado (Crusade)
1488 Dias rounds tip of Africa
Sao Tome on equator soon sugar plantation worked by slaves
Vasco Da Gama

12. Portuguese Caravel

13. Vasco Da Gama

14. Spain - not planning like Portugal but luck
Too busy uniting realm, driving religious minorities out & conquering Muslims
Columbus
To avoid fights Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
1513 Balboa Pacific
1522 Magellan circumnavigates globe sees Moluccas (Spice Islands) are Portuguese
Lays basis for Spanish colonization of Philippines after 1564

15. Encounters with Europe
Early Portuguese exchanges with Africans on Gold Coast beneficial to both sides
Benin & Congo two largest kingdoms invite Portuguese. Try Christianity - like the guns but for Kongo weakness means monopoly on slave trade lost - both limit contacts w Portuguese. Slave trade goes further S.

16. Benin Sculpture

17. E. African leaders suspicious of Portuguese
1505 bombardment of Swahili coast justifies attitude
Weakened Christian Ethiopia assaulted by African Muslim backed by Ottomans who conquered Egypt in 1517
Portuguese aid saves Ethiopia

18. Ottoman v HRE at Lepanto 1571 Ottoman loss

19. India Da Gama makes little impression
Portuguese intend to assert control over once open Indian O. Take Goa, Malacca (important entrepot) and 1557 Macao lets them trade with China & Japan
Attempt to force tax & Portuguese transshiping. Emperors of China & Mughal India ignore
Ottomans attack - fails
Portuguese never complete control of Indian O., but domination of key ports & trade routes make Portugal profit.
Since sea power little impact on interior

20. Americas
Columbus to Hispaniola - 2nd trips slaughter, rape, loot kill tens of thousands of Arawaks
Horses, germs, body armor, steel sword, muskets
Conquistadors Cortes - Aztecs (Moctezuma)
Pizzaro - Incas - Atajualpa 1536 fall.
50 years after Columbus, Spanish dominance complete. Not true in Asia and Africa where no demographic calamity
Forces labor, forced conversion & systems for administering conquered land developed in Reconquest

21. Aztecs Hosting Cortes

22. Pizarro Seizing Inca