1. 1 The Maritime Revolution Circa 1450-1550 Chapter 15

2. 2 Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 The Pacific Ocean –Over a period of several thousand years, peoples originally from ____ crossed the water to settle the islands of the East Indies, New ______, the Melanesian and __________ islands, the _________, New Zealand, and other Pacific islands out to Hawaii. Polynesian use of the sweet ______, domesticated in South America, suggests that they may have reached the ________. –Polynesian _________ and establishment of colonies was aided by the development of large, double-hulled ______ that used both paddlers and _____. Polynesian mariners navigated by the _____ and by their observations of ocean ________ and evidence of land. The Indian Ocean –Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island of __________ in a series of voyages that continued through the ___th century. –Arab seafarers used the regular pattern of the _______ winds to establish trade routes in the ______ Ocean. These trade routes flourished when the rise of _____ created new markets and new networks of Muslim traders. –The Chinese ____ dynasty sponsored a series of voyages to the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433. The Ming voyages were carried out on a grand scale, involving fleets of over _____ large treasure ships and hundreds of smaller support vessels. –The treasure ships carried out trade in luxury goods including ____ and precious ______, as well as stimulating diplomatic relations with various _______ and Asian states. The voyages, which were not __________ and inspired opposition in court, were ended in 1433.

3. 3 Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 The Atlantic Ocean –During the relatively warm centuries of the early Middle Ages, the _______, navigating by the _____ and the seas, explored and settled _______, Greenland, and Newfoundland (Vinland). When a colder climate returned after ____, the northern settlements in Greenland and the settlement in ____________ were _________. –A few southern Europeans and Africans attempted to explore the Atlantic in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Voyagers from _____ in 1291 and from ____ in the 1300s set out into the Atlantic but did not return. Genoese and Portuguese explorers discovered and settled the Madeiras, the ______, and the Canaries in the fourteenth century. –In the Americas, the ______ from South America had colonized the Lesser and Greater ________ by the year 1000. The _____ followed, first taking over Arawak settlements in the Lesser Antilles and then, in the late fifteenth century, raiding the Greater Antilles.

4. 4 European Expansion, 1400–1550 Motives for Exploration –The _______ kingdoms sponsored voyages of exploration for a number of reasons, including both the ___________ personalities of their leaders and long-term trends in European historical development: the revival of _____, the struggle with _____ for control of the _____________ Sea, curiosity about the outside world, and the alliances between ________ and ____________. –The city-states of northern _____ had no incentive to explore ________ trade routes because they had established a system of alliances and trade with the _________ that gave them a monopoly on access to _____ goods. Also, Italian ships were designed for the calm waters of the _____________ and could not stand up to the violent weather of the Atlantic. –The Iberian kingdoms had a history of centuries of warfare with _______. They had no significant share in the Mediterranean trade, but they had advanced ______________ and ________ technology. They were open to new geographical knowledge and had exceptional leaders. Portuguese Voyages –The Portuguese gained more knowledge of the sources of ____ and ______ south of the Sahara when their forces, led by Prince Henry, captured the North African caravan city of _____. Prince Henry (“the _________”) then sponsored a research and navigation institute at ______ to collect information about and send expeditions to the African lands south of North Africa. –The staff of Prince Henry’s research institute in Sagres studied and improved navigational instruments, including the _______ and the _________. They also designed a new vessel, the _______, whose small size, shallow draft, combination of square and lateen sails, and ______ made it well suited for the task of exploration.

5. 5 European Expansion, 1400–1550 Portuguese Voyages cont… –Portuguese explorers eventually learned to pick up the prevailing westerly _____ that would blow them back to Portugal, contributing important knowledge about _______ wind patterns to the maritime community. –The Portuguese voyages eventually produced a _________ return, first from trade in _______, and then from the ____ trade. –Beginning in 1469, the process of exploration picked up speed as private commercial enterprises began to get involved. The ______ merchant Fernao Gomes sent expeditions that discovered and developed the island of ___ ____ and explored the ____ Coast. Bartolomeu ____ and Vasco __ ____ rounded the tip of ______ and established contact with _____, thus laying the basis for Portugal’s maritime trading empire. Spanish Voyages –When ___________ ________ approached the Spanish crown with his project of finding a new route to ____, the Portuguese had already established their route to the Indian Ocean. The King and Queen of _____ agreed to fund a modest voyage of discovery, and Columbus set out in ____ with letters of introduction to _____ rulers and an ______ interpreter. –After _____ voyages, Columbus was still certain that he had found ____, but other Europeans realized that he had discovered entirely new lands. These new discoveries led the Spanish and the Portuguese to sign the Treaty of ___________, in which they divided the world between them along a line drawn down the center of the North ________. –Ferdinand _________’s voyage across the _______ confirmed Portugal’s claim to the _______ Islands and established the Spanish claim to the ___________.

6. 6 Encounters with Europe, 1450–1550 Western Africa –During the ___th century, many Africans welcomed the __________ and profited from their trade, in which they often held the upper hand. In return for their ____, Africans received from the Portuguese merchants a variety of Asian, African, and European goods, including ________. Interaction between the Portuguese and African rulers varied from place to place. –The ___ (king) of the powerful kingdom of _____ sent an __________ to Portugal and established a royal ________ on trade with the Portuguese. Benin exported a number of goods, including some ______, and its rulers showed a mild interest in ____________. After 1538, Benin purposely limited its contact with the Portuguese, declining to receive ____________ and closing the market in male slaves. –The kingdom of _____ had fewer goods to ______ and consequently relied more on the _____ trade. When the Christian King ______ __ lost his monopoly over the slave trade, his power was weakened and some of his subjects rose in ______. Eastern Africa –In Eastern Africa, some ______ states were suspicious of the __________, while others welcomed the Portuguese as ______ in their struggles against their neighbors. On the _______ Coast, _______ befriended the Portuguese and was spared when the Portuguese attacked and looted many of the other Swahili city-states in 1505. –Christian ________ sought and gained Portuguese support in its war against the Muslim forces of ____. The Muslims were defeated, but Ethiopia was unable to make a long-term alliance with the Portuguese because the Ethiopians refused to transfer their religious loyalty from the patriarch of ___________ to the Roman ____.

7. 7 Encounters with Europe, 1450–1550 Indian Ocean States –When _____ __ ____ arrived in _______ in 1498, he made a very ______ impression with his simple gifts. Nonetheless, the Portuguese were determined to control the ______ Ocean trade, and their superior ______ and __________ gave them the ability to do so. –To assert their control, the Portuguese bombarded the ______ city-states in 1505, captured the Indian port of ___ in 1510, and took ______ in 1515. Extending their reach eastward, Portuguese forces captured _______ in 1511 and set up a trading post at ______ in southern China in 1557. –The Portuguese used their control over the major ports to require that all ______ be carried in Portuguese ships and that all other ships purchase Portuguese __________ and pay customs ______ to the Portuguese. –Reactions to this Portuguese aggression varied. The ______ emperors took no action, while the _________ resisted and were able at least to maintain superiority in the ___ Sea and the _______ Gulf. Some smaller states cooperated with the Portuguese; others tried evasion and resistance. –The Portuguese never gained complete control of the ______ Ocean trade, but they did dominate it enough to bring themselves considerable profit and to break the _______ city-states’ monopoly on _______.

8. 8 Encounters with Europe, 1450–1550 The Americas –While the Portuguese built a maritime trading empire in ______ and ____, the Spanish built a territorial empire in the Americas. The reasons for the difference are to be found in the _________ of Amerindian communities and their lack of resistance to Old World __________. –The Arawak were an __________ people who mined and worked ____ but did not trade it over long distances and had no ____. Spanish wars killed tens of _________ of Arawak and undermined their economy; by 1502, the remaining Arawak of __________ were forced to serve as ________ for the Spanish. –What the Spanish did in the ________ was an extension of Spanish actions against the _______ in the previous centuries: defeating non-__________ and putting them and their land under Christian control. The actions of _____________ in other parts of the Caribbean followed the same pattern. –On the mainland, ______ _____ relied on native allies, _______ charges, _____ swords, and ______ to defeat the forces of the _____ Empire and capture the ____________. The conquest was also aided by the spread of ________ among the Aztecs. Similarly, _________ _______’s conquest of the ____ Empire was made possible by the dissatisfaction of the Inca Empire’s recently conquered peoples and by Spanish ______ and _____ swords.

9. 9 Conclusion Imperial Comparisons –Strong centralized governments like _____’s were not inclined to attempt ____-distance exploration. –______ rulers such as the Iberian monarchs left the details of exploration to ___________, such as ________, who proposed them. –Dominance of the Americas by _____ and ________ was aided by the native populations’ vulnerability to European _______ and by the superior ________ of Europe. –Natives of Asia and Africa had more ________ to European _________ from earlier contact and were more able to resist __________. Economic Comparisons –Europeans found sophisticated _______ and trade networks in Africa and Asia. –In contrast, Europeans needed to introduce new __________ and strong political control over American _______ to exploit their natural _________.