This is Africa???

Physical Geography and Demographics

2 nd largest continent2 nd largest continent 1/5 th world’s land area1/5 th world’s land area million sq. miles million sq. miles 5000 mi mi.

Diamonds : 46% of the world Diamonds : 46% of the world Gold : 21% of the world Gold : 21% of the world Uranium : 16% of the world Uranium : 16% of the world Bauxite : 9% of the world Bauxite : 9% of the world Platinum : 62% of the world Platinum : 62% of the world

Rank (World) CountryProduction (bbl/day) 14Nigeria2,352,000 16Algeria2,173,000 17Angola1,910,000 18Libya1,845,000 32Sudan466,000

1 billion million + in Nigeria (world’s 8 th largest) rural but rapidly urbanizing young high mortality/fertility (IMR 86, TFR 5) low population density/uneven distribution Demographic Characteristics

Political, Cultural and Economic Geography

Independence

Cold War Africa Peripheral region, not in formal alliance networks Both blocs competed for influence with aid, trade, and weapons Continued special role for UK and especially France Proxy wars via insurgencies, but little interstate conflict Volatile – several countries “changed sides” after coups or successful insurgencies As in colonial times, resource extraction was a key interest Alliances, 1980

Regional Institutional Alliances Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Economic Community Central African States (CEEAC) East African Community (EAC) Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Economic and Monetary Community of CA States (CEMAC) Other organizations Community of Sahel-Sahara States (CEN-SAD) Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Arab League (AL) African Union (AU)

Difficult Geography Location & borders Climate & disease burden Governance Corruption Limited capacity & institutional development Conflict Effects Population Growth Inequitable Development Urban bias Declining value added Resource and income outflow and inequity Persistent Development Challenges

Macroeconomics Debt Commodity Prices Budgetary and Fiscal Policies Foreign Investment Governance & Political Change Institutional DevelopmentChanges

South Asia 30% 16% 11% 30% % 31% 17% North America North Asia EU Other 33% Percent of World Gross National Income ~by region (source: JOE)

Literacy Rates Literacy, Ages 15-24

Geo-economicCompetition PRC Investment Projects

Political-Military Challenges

Failed States Index

African conflict areas, 2010 (US DoS)

Africa’s World War ( ) Great Lakes states vs DRC + misc. allies Mining interests key, plus Rwanda ‘94 legacy “Hybrid War”: State support and regular forces sent, but, most action via militias and bandits, including rape and cannibalism Foreign troops out, conflicts smolder BLUE = DRC Govt Supporters GREEN = Opposing Alliance

Conflict in Decline Source: Uppsala Conflict Database

Peacekeeping Missions Long history – back to Congo 1960 Missions by UN, EU, AU, ECOWAS Have played useful role in verifying and implementing peace accords AU wants more African capability, less need for UN/EU

African Democracy (as of 2009) In 1980s, only ~5 democracies Many reforms in early 1990s New wave in 2011???

African Countries Political Trends in Africa,

HIV Prevalence

Al-Qaeda in Africa

Rebels Without a Cause? There is a very simple reason why some of Africa's bloodiest, most brutal wars never seem to end: They are not really wars. The combatants don't have much of an ideology or goals. They couldn't care less about taking over capital cities -- they prefer the bush, where it is easier to commit crimes. Today's rebels seem uninterested in winning converts, content to steal children, stick Kalashnikovs or axes in their hands, and make them do the killing. ….what is spreading across Africa like a viral pandemic is just opportunistic, heavily armed banditry. Jeffery Gettleman (NYT Africa bureau chief), FP.com, 2010

SOURCE: UNEP, NATIONAL RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL DESK ASSESSMENT – SOMALIA, 2005 Indian Ocean = 25% Global Tuna Catch IUU = 30% W. Indian Ocean Catch 20% Tanzanian Catch 15% Mozambique Catch $ billion off Somalia IUU and Illegal Dumping

Somali Piracy

“…like a coast guard…”? “We don't consider ourselves sea bandits,” said Sugule Ali: “We consider sea bandits those who illegally fish in our seas and dump waste in our seas and carry weapons in our seas. We are simply patrolling our seas. Think of us like a coast guard.” (Somali pirate on M/V Faina, from New York Times, Sept 2008) Captured Spanish fishing trawler

2011 Incidents 2011 Incidents (as of 18 Aug 2011, International Maritime Bureau) Worldwide: Total Attacks: 314 Total Hijackings: 31 Incidents Reported for Somalia: Total Incidents: 178 Total Hijackings: 22 Total Hostages: 362 Total Killed: 7 Ransom to date: $77.2 million Current vessels held by Somali pirates: Current vessels held by Somali pirates: Vessels: 18 Persons held: 355

27 attacks (Jan-Aug 2011) Incidents higher if include sea robbery (60% not reported in Nigeria?) Different than Somalia PIRACY: Gulf of Guinea PIRACY: Gulf of Guinea

International Response