Chapter 11: Civil Rights

The Constitution is designed to guarantee basic civil rights to everyone. The meaning of civil rights has changed over time, and many groups have been denied their civil rights at different times in U.S. history.

How do you think the Civil Rights movement has affected your life?

OBJECTIVES ESSENTIAL QUESTION  Describe civil rights, and how civil rights in the U.S. changed over time.  Explain how the pattern of discrimination affected the civil rights of some groups in U.S. history.  What are civil rights?

A. What are Civil Rights? i. Fair & Equal Treatment ii. Free from discrimination iii. Vote, run for office, public life B. How have Civil Rights Changed i. Declaration of Independence ii. African-American, Native American, Women

A. Prejudice: Negative opinion formed w/out just grounds. B. Racism: Discrimination & unfair treatment based on race. C. African Americans A. Jim Crow laws D. Native Americans i. Reservation: Forced area to live as “tribe”, no longer required. E. Asian Americans i. Japanese American Internment: During WW2 Japanese Americans forced to live in camps.

The 14 th Amendment was designed to bolster civil rights by requiring states to guarantee to freed slaves “the equal protection of the laws.” However, African Americans and women still struggled to win equal treatment in American society.

Is not allowing women into combat roles in the military a violation of the equal protection clause? Explain your answer.

OBJECTIVES  Describe what is meant by equal protection of the law.  Explain the civil rights laws passed after the Civil War, and why they failed to end segregation.  Analyze how women fought for and won voting rights.  Describe the events that began to roll back racial and ethnic segregation in the U.S. ESSENTIAL QUESTION  Why do you think the new amendments and laws passed after the Civil War failed to end segregation?

 Equal Protection Clause: No state can deny equal protection of the laws.  Reasonable Distinction: Can distinguish between groups such as “out-of-state” but not by eye color.  Rational Basis Test: 16 to drive, 21 to drink  Intermediate Scrutiny: Selective service or military combat.  Strict Scrutiny Test: right being denied on based on race or national origin.

A. Segregation: Separation of racial groups. B. Jim Crow Laws: Segregation laws passed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. C. Separate-but-equal-doctrine: Laws requiring separate facilities for racial groups could be legal so long as the facilities were equal.

A. Suffrage: Right to vote. B. Seneca Falls Convention: 1 st women’s rights convention. C. De Jure Segregation: Segregation by law. D. Desegregation: Ending the formal separation of groups based on race. E. De facto Segregation: Segregation without laws that require it.

1. Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that requires all states to apply the law the same way for all people 2. Classification based on race or national origin 3. The separation of racial groups 4. Series of segregation laws passed in the late 1800s 5. Right to vote 6. First national women’s rights convention in the United States 7. Segregation by law

In the 1950s and 1960s, an organized movement demanding civil rights changed American society and led to a series of new federal laws that protected the civil rights of African Americans and other groups.

Is Civil Disobedienc e different from criminal activity? Explain.

OBJECTIVES ESSENTIAL QUESTION  Describe the civil rights movement, and what effects it had on American society.  Analyze new federal laws passed in response to the civil rights movement.  Explain how affirmative action policies were part of the civil rights movement.  Why were the civil rights laws of the 1960s more effective than earlier legislation?

A. Civil Rights Movement: Mass movement in the 50s & 60s to guarantee the civil rights of African Americans. B. Civil Disobedience: Nonviolent refusals to obey the law as a way to advocate change.

A. Civil Rights Act of 1964: Banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. B. Equal Pay Act of 1963: Employers must offer equal pay to men & women doing the same work. C. Desegregation of Hispanic schools in California: Hispanics & whites had attended segregated schools. D. Americans with Disabilities Act: Prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities.

A. Affirmative Action: Policy that requires employers & institutions to provide opportunities for certain minorities. B. Reverse Discrimination: Discrimination against the majority group. C. Quota: A fixed number or percentage of minorities needed to fulfill affirmative action.

1. During the __________________________ of the 1950s and 1960s, activists used nonviolent protests to fight injustice and segregation. 2. Acts of __________________________, such as boycotts and sit-ins, were a major strategy used by civil rights activists to protest injustice. 3. In 1963, more than 200,000 people participated in the March on Washington, during which __________________________ delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. 4. President __________________________ signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. 5. Discrimination in voting and employment based on race, skin color, religion, sex, or national origin was banned by the __________________________ of In 1964 the ratification of the Twenty-fourth Amendment banned the use of __________________________. 7. In response to continued efforts to prevent African Americans from voting, President __________________________ urged Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Being a U.S. citizen includes certain rights & responsibilities. The federal government regulates citizenship through its immigration and naturalization policies.

Is illegal immigration right or wrong?

OBJECTIVES ESSENTIAL QUESTION  Describe the ways people receive U.S. citizenship, and what civil responsibilities they have.  Analyze immigration policies adopted by the federal government.  Explain how the federal government responded to the challenge of illegal immigration.  How do you think national immigration policies affect local communities and states?

A. Jus Soli: Citizenship by birthplace (law of the soil) B. Jus Sangunis: Citizenship by parents (law of the blood) C. Naturalization: Legal process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen. D. Denaturalization: Lose citizenship by lying during naturalization process. E. Expatriation: Legally giving up one’s citizenship.

A. Undocumented Alien: An unauthorized immigrant. B. Deportation: Legal process of forcing a noncitizen to leave a country. C. Debate over Illegal Immigration i. Do they actually take jobs? ii. Is this what the pilgrims did? iii. Can terrorists get in illegally?

1. The vast majority of Americans become citizens by naturalization. 2. To have citizenship through the principle of jus soli means that a person has parents who are citizens of the United States. 3. A naturalized citizen can lose his or her citizenship though the process of deportation. 4. In 2007 an estimated 12 million naturalized citizens were living in the United States.