1. Civil Rights Laws, Citizenship, and Immigration Sections 3 & 4
Chapter 11
Civil Rights

2. Section 3 at a Glance Civil Rights Laws
The civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s led to a series of federal laws designed to protect people’s civil rights.
In addition to civil rights laws, affirmative action policies attempted to address the effects of past discrimination.

3. Civil Rights Laws Main Idea Reading Focus
In the 1950s and 1960s, an organized movement demanding civil rights changed American society and led to a series of new federal laws that protected the civil rights of African Americans and other groups.
Reading Focus
What was the civil rights movement, and what effects did it have on American society?
What new federal laws were passed in response to the civil rights movement?
How were civil rights extended to women, minorities, and people with disabilities?
How are affirmative action policies a part of the civil rights movement?

4. The Civil Rights Movement
Civil rights movement: mass movement during 1950s and 1960s to guarantee
civil rights of African Americans
protests against injustice, segregation
support for new federal civil rights laws
Key Events:
— 9 African American students enter Central High School, Little Rock, AR
— Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat on bus, resulting in bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr., and successful suit against city of Montgomery, AL by NAACP
— Nonviolent protests were strategies used by activists
— Acts of civil disobedience (nonviolent refusal to obey law) common.
— 1963: March on Washington
— 1965: March from Selma to Montgomery; violent images led to passage of new federal civil rights laws

6. Reading Check Sequencing
What were the key events of the early civil rights movement?

7. Reading Check Sequencing
What were the key events of the early civil rights movement?
Answer(s): Rosa Parks’s refusing to give up her bus seat; Montgomery bus boycott; Supreme Court’s upholding that public facilities could not be segregated; acts of civil disobedience; 1963 March on Washington with Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech; Selma to Montgomery marches leading to Bloody Sunday

8. New Federal Laws Civil Rights Laws under Eisenhower
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (Civil Rights Commission)
Civil Rights Act of 1960 (voting)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in voting, employment, public accommodations
Age added in 1967
Under the commerce clause
Voting Rights Laws
Twenty-fourth Amendment (banned poll tax: tax on someone attempting to vote)
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (banned literacy tests)
Effects of New Federal Laws
Desegregation
Housing
Jobs
Voting
Public accommodations

10. Reading Check Summarizing
What major federal civil rights laws were passed in the 1950s and 1960s?

11. Reading Check Summarizing
What major federal civil rights laws were passed in the 1950s and 1960s?
Answer(s): Civil Rights Act of 1957; Civil Rights Act of 1960; Twenty-fourth Amendment; Civil Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act; Civil Rights Act of 1968.

12. Extending Civil Rights
Women
1963: Equal Pay Act
1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments
1975: Equal Credit Opportunity Act
Hispanics
1946, Mendez v. Westminster
1954, Hernandez v. Texas
1973, Keyes v. Denver Unified School District
Native Americans
Protested to expand civil rights (Example: AIM)
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
1978: American Indian Religious Freedom Act
People with Disabilities
1990: Americans with Disabilities Act

13. Reading Check Summarizing
How were civil rights extended to groups besides African Americans?

14. Reading Check Summarizing
How were civil rights extended to groups besides African Americans?
Answer(s): 1946, segregation of Hispanic students was illegal; 1954, equal protection clause applied to all groups, not just African Americans; 1973, de facto segregation of Hispanics in public schools unconstitutional; 1975 Voting Rights Act; Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975; 1978: American Indian Religious Freedom Act; 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act

15. Affirmative Action
Years of past discrimination resulted in women and minorities being underrepresented in certain businesses and education. Affirmative action aims to provide opportunities for them.
Early Affirmative Action Efforts
Began in 1960s
Late 1970s: affirmative action controversial
Some people claimed they were victims of reverse discrimination, discrimination against the majority group
The Bakke Case
Allan Bakke denied entry to medical school with quota (fixed number or percentage) of minorities needed
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), Supreme Court ruled university’s quota system invalid

16. Affirmative Action {continued}
The Michigan Cases
Two cases questioning affirmative action at University of Michigan
Court ruled in favor of applicant in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Court ruled against applicant in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Ballot Measures
Several states passed laws (voter initiatives) limiting affirmative action
California, 1996; Washington, 1998; Michigan, 2006

18. Reading Check Summarizing
How have affirmative action policies changed over time?

19. Reading Check Summarizing
How have affirmative action policies changed over time?
Answer(s): Some courts have ruled against affirmative action and some states, such as California, have restricted affirmative action policies.

20. Debating the Issue: Affirmative Action
Should the government promote affirmative action to help address the effects of past discrimination?
Since 1965 federal law has required many public institutions and private companies to institute affirmative action policies to provide more opportunities for members of historically underrepresented groups, such as racial minorities and women. Affirmative action policies vary widely, employing methods such as recruitment, quotas, and proportional representation. However, these policies have been controversial, drawing both praise and criticism. Although the Supreme Court has ruled on a number of affirmative action cases, it has overturned about as many policies as it has upheld.

21. Debating the Issue

22. Section 4 at a Glance Citizenship and Immigration
Citizenship comes with both rights and responsibilities.
Throughout U.S. history, immigrants have come to the United States hoping to attain U.S. citizenship.
The federal government regulates immigration to the United States.

23. Citizenship and Immigration
Main Idea
Being a U.S. citizen includes certain rights and responsibilities. The federal government regulates citizenship through its immigration and naturalization policies.
Reading Focus
In what ways do people receive U.S. citizenship, and what civic responsibilities do citizens have?
What immigration policies has the federal government adopted in its history?
How has the federal government responded to the challenge of illegal immigration?

24. What Is Government?

25. U.S. Citizenship Losing Citizenship Civic Responsibilities
People become U.S. citizens in several ways:
Citizenship by Birth
— jus soli (“law of the soil”)
— jus sanguinis (“law of the blood”)
Citizenship by Naturalization
— legal process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen
Losing Citizenship
Denaturalization: loss of naturalized citizenship
Expatriation: giving up citizenship
Civic Responsibilities
Respect and obey law; respect rights of others
Loyalty to government; pay taxes; vote
Civic Identity
common devotion to democracy, individual liberties, civil rights

26. Reading Check Identifying Supporting Details
What are the two main ways of achieving citizenship in the United States?

27. Reading Check Identifying Supporting Details
What are the two main ways of achieving citizenship in the United States?
Answer(s): by birth and by naturalization

28. Immigration Policies Encouraging Immigration Restricting Immigration
— At first plenty of land and resources
— Over time, less land; different languages and cultures
Restricting Immigration
— Laws restricting numbers of immigrants, especially from Asia, Africa, Latin America
— Nationality Act of 1965, did away with country-based quota system, allowed 290,000 immigrants per year, gave preference to skilled workers, relatives of U.S. citizens
— Law updated in 1990, allows about 675,000 immigrants annually
Political Asylum and Refugees
— Separate immigration policies for refugees
— United States accepts more refugees than any other country

31. Reading Check Sequencing
How has immigration policy in the United States changed over time?

32. Reading Check Sequencing
How has immigration policy in the United States changed over time?
Answer(s): first hundred years: little regulation; 1875: barred entry to criminals; 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act; Quota Law of 1921 and National Origins Quota Act of 1924: restricted immigration by country, established annual number of immigrants; Nationality Act Amendments of 1965: did away with country-based quota system

33. Illegal Immigration The Situation Today Illegal Immigration Policies
Undocumented alien: Someone who lives in a country without authorization from the government
Deportation: Legal process of forcing a noncitizen to leave a country
Difficult to determine exact number in United States
Most from Mexico and Latin America
The Debate over Illegal Immigration
Pro: Hard workers who contribute to U.S. economy
Con: Drain on government services
Illegal Immigration Policies
Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986
Effect of September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

35. Reading Check Summarizing
What policies has the federal government created to deal with illegal immigration?

36. Reading Check Summarizing
What policies has the federal government created to deal with illegal immigration?
Answer(s): created Border Patrol; Immigration Reform and Control Act; Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

37. We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution
Civic Participation
Our system of government depends on the active participation of citizens. Citizens, after all, have the ultimate power and responsibility to govern. This lesson outlines the importance of civic participation in our constitutional democracy.
Why should Americans participate in the civic life of the country?
How is civic participation connected to self-interest?
How is civic participation related to advancing the common good?

38. Vocabulary
Civil Rights Movement
A mass movement in the 1950s and 1960s to guarantee the civil
rights of African Americans
Civil Disobedience
Nonviolent refusals to obey the law as a way to advocate change
Poll Tax
A tax levied on someone who wants to vote
Affirmative Action
A policy that requires employers and institutions to provide opportunities for members of certain historically underrepresented groups
Reverse Discrimination
Discrimination against the majority group
Quota
A fixed number or percentage

39. Vocabulary
Jus Soli
A principle of citizenship by birthplace
Jus Sanguinis
A principle of citizenship by parentage
Naturalization
The legal process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen
Denaturalization
The process through which a naturalized person loses citizenship
Expatriation
The legal process of giving up one’s citizenship
Undocumented Alien
Someone living in a country without authorization from the
Government
Deportation
The legal process of forcing a noncitizen to leave a country