The Industrial Revolution

In this chapter, you will learn about important changes in the way things are made that began in Great Britain and spread to the rest of the world.In this chapter, you will learn about important changes in the way things are made that began in Great Britain and spread to the rest of the world. You will also learn how the Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in where people lived, working conditions and standards of living.You will also learn how the Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in where people lived, working conditions and standards of living.

Essential Questions How does the free enterprise system work?How does the free enterprise system work? What factors caused the Industrial Revolution?What factors caused the Industrial Revolution? How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people lived?How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people lived?

I.Understanding Economics *Economics, describes how people meet their needs by making, distributing and using goods and services*Economics, describes how people meet their needs by making, distributing and using goods and services Economist study how people:Economist study how people: work and earn moneywork and earn money save and invest moneysave and invest money Use their time, energy and satisfy their needsUse their time, energy and satisfy their needs

A. The Three Economic Questions Unlimited wants and limited resourcesUnlimited wants and limited resources 1. What should be produced? 2. How should it be produced? 3. Who should get it? Society must decide what things to produce with its limited resourcesSociety must decide what things to produce with its limited resources

A. The Three Economic Questions Answers:Answers: 1. Follow tradition, produce whatever their ancestors produced, using the same methods1. Follow tradition, produce whatever their ancestors produced, using the same methods 2. A ruler or government tells everyone what to do and decides what is produced2. A ruler or government tells everyone what to do and decides what is produced 3. Economic freedom3. Economic freedom

B. Free Enterprise System *Free enterprise, the freedom to make their own choices in deciding what to buy, where to work, and what to make.*Free enterprise, the freedom to make their own choices in deciding what to buy, where to work, and what to make. People own propertyPeople own property People invest in order to make a profitPeople invest in order to make a profit Profit, extra money that is made after all expenses are paid.Profit, extra money that is made after all expenses are paid.

B. Free Enterprise System Several producers make the same product which gives consumers a choiceSeveral producers make the same product which gives consumers a choice This improves quality and lowers pricesThis improves quality and lowers prices Less efficient producers go out of businessLess efficient producers go out of business Winners increase business and make a large profitWinners increase business and make a large profit

B. Free Enterprise System Government interference is limitedGovernment interference is limited Government sets rules, settles disputes and supplies some servicesGovernment sets rules, settles disputes and supplies some services Producers, those who make and sell goods and servicesProducers, those who make and sell goods and services Consumers, those who buy and use goods and servicesConsumers, those who buy and use goods and services

C. The Law of Supply and Demand Supply refers to how much of a good producers make available.Supply refers to how much of a good producers make available. Demand refers to how much of a product consumers are willing to buy.Demand refers to how much of a product consumers are willing to buy.

D. Adam Smith: Prophet of Free Enterprise Adam Smith, a Scottish professor was the first to explain how the free enterprise system works.Adam Smith, a Scottish professor was the first to explain how the free enterprise system works. 1776, The Wealth of Nations1776, The Wealth of Nations Division of laborDivision of labor Laws of supply and demandLaws of supply and demand

D. Adam Smith: Prophet of Free Enterprise “invisible hand”, guides individual actions so that they can actually work for the common good.“invisible hand”, guides individual actions so that they can actually work for the common good. Hands off, or “laissez-faire” policyHands off, or “laissez-faire” policy

II. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution changed the way goods are madeThe Industrial Revolution changed the way goods are made Mass production, the large-scale production of identical goods.Mass production, the large-scale production of identical goods. People started making goods in factories instead of at homePeople started making goods in factories instead of at home Steam power used to run machinerySteam power used to run machinery

A.Causes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution first began in Great Britain in the 1700’s.The Industrial Revolution first began in Great Britain in the 1700’s. 1. Geographical Advantages1. Geographical Advantages Harbors, rivers & coalHarbors, rivers & coal

A.Causes of the Industrial Revolution 2. Transportation and Communications2. Transportation and Communications Coastal trade, canals, port towns, postal service, newspapers, navyCoastal trade, canals, port towns, postal service, newspapers, navy

A.Causes of the Industrial Revolution Pre-Conditions for IndustrializationPre-Conditions for Industrialization 3. Large Colonial Empire3. Large Colonial Empire Raw materialsRaw materials

A.Causes of the Industrial Revolution 4. Powerful Middle Class4. Powerful Middle Class Capital, labor, new inventions 5. Agricultural Improvements5. Agricultural Improvements Rotating crops, scientific methodsRotating crops, scientific methods

B. Innovations in Textile Manufacturing The Revolution began in textiles and spread to other fields.The Revolution began in textiles and spread to other fields. Spinning jenny (1764), used a single wheel to control several spindles at a time.Spinning jenny (1764), used a single wheel to control several spindles at a time.

B. Innovations in Textile Manufacturing James Watt, a Scottish inventor, improved the steam- engine (1769)James Watt, a Scottish inventor, improved the steam- engine (1769) Allowed factory construction to be placed anywhere, no longer dependent on waterAllowed factory construction to be placed anywhere, no longer dependent on water

C. The Shift From Home to Factory Domestic system, craftsmen working at home, spinning wool by handDomestic system, craftsmen working at home, spinning wool by hand

C. The Shift From Home to Factory Factories, large number of workers could be supervised and use machines driven by water or steam powerFactories, large number of workers could be supervised and use machines driven by water or steam power England’s plentiful supplies of coal and water provided resources to run the factories England’s plentiful supplies of coal and water provided resources to run the factories

D. Working Conditions Appalling places to work, with unsafe and unpleasant conditionsAppalling places to work, with unsafe and unpleasant conditions Work hours were long, and workers pay was lowWork hours were long, and workers pay was low Children preformed dangerous tasksChildren preformed dangerous tasks

E. Urbanization With the shift of work to factories, large number of workers moved from their farms and homes in the countryside to cities (Urbanization)With the shift of work to factories, large number of workers moved from their farms and homes in the countryside to cities (Urbanization) Cities became crowded and highly unsanitaryCities became crowded and highly unsanitary Factory smoke polluted the airFactory smoke polluted the air Local governments were often unable to cope with the needs of large numbers of workersLocal governments were often unable to cope with the needs of large numbers of workers

III. Changes in Transportation Steam engines were applied to steam boats in the early 1800’sSteam engines were applied to steam boats in the early 1800’s Locomotives, created the first railroads in the 1820’sLocomotives, created the first railroads in the 1820’s Railroads linked cities, factories, towns and countryside togetherRailroads linked cities, factories, towns and countryside together Heavy industry grew because of the need for coal, iron and steelHeavy industry grew because of the need for coal, iron and steel

IV. Changes in European Society A new middle class of capitalists, composed of merchants, landowners and bankersA new middle class of capitalists, composed of merchants, landowners and bankers Capitalism, (free enterprise system)Capitalism, (free enterprise system) 1. Role of the Entrepreneur1. Role of the Entrepreneur Owned the means of production (factories)Owned the means of production (factories) Organized, managed businessOrganized, managed business

IV. Changes in European Society 2. Role of the worker2. Role of the worker Left countryside for industrial areas, provided labor for wagesLeft countryside for industrial areas, provided labor for wages 3. Role of the Government3. Role of the Government Followed laissez-faire policyFollowed laissez-faire policy

A.Family Life in the Industrial Revolution Shift from the family working as farmers or craftsman to families working in factoriesShift from the family working as farmers or craftsman to families working in factories Child laborChild labor Shift workShift work Less time spent with familyLess time spent with family Families moved from villages into towns and citiesFamilies moved from villages into towns and cities Crowded, small apartmentsCrowded, small apartments

The Industrial Revolution Children had been an important part of the family economy in preindustrial times. They worked in the fields or at home in cottage industries. In the Industrial Revolution, however, child labor was exploited.

A.Family Life in the Industrial Revolution Less access to fresh water, sunlight and fresh airLess access to fresh water, sunlight and fresh air Diseases like cholera and typhusDiseases like cholera and typhus Later century, municipal reforms led to improvements in public water supplies and sewageLater century, municipal reforms led to improvements in public water supplies and sewage Free public education for childrenFree public education for children

A.Family Life in the Industrial Revolution Scientists like Louis Pasteur helped improve living conditionsScientists like Louis Pasteur helped improve living conditions Germ theory of diseaseGerm theory of disease Pasteur showed how better sanitary practices could reduce infections and deathsPasteur showed how better sanitary practices could reduce infections and deaths Developed new vaccines to combat anthrax and rabiesDeveloped new vaccines to combat anthrax and rabies heating of liquids to kill germsheating of liquids to kill germs

B. Reform Movements Social Reforms, women and children banned from working in mines, ten hour work day and safer working conditionsSocial Reforms, women and children banned from working in mines, ten hour work day and safer working conditions Queen Victoria, favored social reforms to help her subjectsQueen Victoria, favored social reforms to help her subjects Husband Prince Albert, also favored private efforts to help the poorHusband Prince Albert, also favored private efforts to help the poor

Queen Victoria

B. Reform Movements Municipal Reforms, made cities cleaner and healthierMunicipal Reforms, made cities cleaner and healthier Improved drinking water and sewer systems helped prevent the spread of diseases like choleraImproved drinking water and sewer systems helped prevent the spread of diseases like cholera Street lamps and police made cities saferStreet lamps and police made cities safer Free public elementary schoolsFree public elementary schools

B. Reform Movements Workers’ UnionsWorkers’ Unions Workers organized unions and threatened to strikeWorkers organized unions and threatened to strike Asked for higher wages and better working conditionsAsked for higher wages and better working conditions Otto von Bismarck of Germany introduced social reforms such as social security to win the favor of the working classesOtto von Bismarck of Germany introduced social reforms such as social security to win the favor of the working classes

B. Reform Movements Political ReformsPolitical Reforms Reform Bill of 1832 gave greater representation in Parliament to the new towns and extended voting rights to the middle classReform Bill of 1832 gave greater representation in Parliament to the new towns and extended voting rights to the middle class By the late 19 th century, all adult males could vote in Britain, but not womenBy the late 19 th century, all adult males could vote in Britain, but not women

C. Marx and the Birth of Communism Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were critics of the new capitalists systemKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels were critics of the new capitalists system

C. Marx and the Birth of Communism The Communist Manifesto (1848)The Communist Manifesto (1848) Capital (1867)Capital (1867) Marx believed the business owners took advantage of workers by taking for themselves most of the value of what workers producedMarx believed the business owners took advantage of workers by taking for themselves most of the value of what workers produced “Proletarians of the World, Unite!”

C. Marx and the Birth of Communism Marx said, the workers were only paid the minimum they needed to surviveMarx said, the workers were only paid the minimum they needed to survive The “surplus value” was kept by the owners for himselfThe “surplus value” was kept by the owners for himself Owners would get richer and richer, while the workers, the proletariat, would get poorerOwners would get richer and richer, while the workers, the proletariat, would get poorer

C. Marx and the Birth of Communism The workers would eventually rise up and overthrow their capitalist rulers in a violent revolutionThe workers would eventually rise up and overthrow their capitalist rulers in a violent revolution The workers would then establish an equal society and live in perfect harmonyThe workers would then establish an equal society and live in perfect harmony Marx called this system “Communism”Marx called this system “Communism”

C. Marx and the Birth of Communism In pure Communism, everything would be owned in commonIn pure Communism, everything would be owned in common No private propertyNo private property No social classesNo social classes Cooperation would replace competitionCooperation would replace competition Marx believed that the Communist revolution would occur in an industrial country in Western EuropeMarx believed that the Communist revolution would occur in an industrial country in Western Europe

D. Socialism Did not call for violent revolutionDid not call for violent revolution Wanted to improve conditions for workersWanted to improve conditions for workers Began in the 1800’s in response to the injustices of industry and exploitation of workersBegan in the 1800’s in response to the injustices of industry and exploitation of workers Wanted more state influence, equal rights and end of inhumane treatment of workersWanted more state influence, equal rights and end of inhumane treatment of workers

D. Socialism Wanted to pass laws protecting workers and have government own some businessesWanted to pass laws protecting workers and have government own some businesses Believed that workers could improve their own conditions by political actionBelieved that workers could improve their own conditions by political action Government should provide essential services like free schooling, low-cost housing, public transportation and health careGovernment should provide essential services like free schooling, low-cost housing, public transportation and health care

E. The Second Industrial Revolution Innovation triggered the “Second Industrial Revolution” in the late 19 th centuryInnovation triggered the “Second Industrial Revolution” in the late 19 th century Chemical, steel, petroleum industries and electricityChemical, steel, petroleum industries and electricity

E. The Second Industrial Revolution Thomas Edison, developed the phonograph, motion pictures and the electric light bulb in the 1870’sThomas Edison, developed the phonograph, motion pictures and the electric light bulb in the 1870’s

E. The Second Industrial Revolution Alexander Graham Bell, invented the telephone in 1876Alexander Graham Bell, invented the telephone in 1876

Guglielmo Marconi

E. The Second Industrial Revolution Internal combustion engine – an engine running on petroleum based gasolineInternal combustion engine – an engine running on petroleum based gasoline Henry Ford & the Model T

The Automobile Many new forms of transportation were created in the Industrial Revolution, but none affected more people on a daily basis than the automobile. It was the invention of the internal- combustion engine that made the automobile possible.

E. The Second Industrial Revolution Marie Curie, studied radioactivity and won the Nobel Prize for her discover of radiumMarie Curie, studied radioactivity and won the Nobel Prize for her discover of radium

V. The Impact of Industry on Nationalism Nationalism had arisen because of the French Revolution and NapoleonNationalism had arisen because of the French Revolution and Napoleon Mitternich managed to contain the nationalist forcesMitternich managed to contain the nationalist forces Industrialization strengthened the power of the middle classIndustrialization strengthened the power of the middle class They demanded national independence and unity across EuropeThey demanded national independence and unity across Europe

V. The Unification of Italy and Germany Both Italy and Germany had a rising middle class who demanded unificationBoth Italy and Germany had a rising middle class who demanded unification Both countries unified by warsBoth countries unified by wars

A. Italy ( ) Italy had a rising middle class who demanded unificationItaly had a rising middle class who demanded unification Nationalist leadersNationalist leaders Camillo di Cavour, Prime Minister of the state of Piedmont andCamillo di Cavour, Prime Minister of the state of Piedmont and

Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the unpopular Kingdom of NaplesGiuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the unpopular Kingdom of Naples

B. Germany ( ) Like Italy, Germany consisted of a number of smaller statesLike Italy, Germany consisted of a number of smaller states Prussia and Austria fought to control GermanyPrussia and Austria fought to control Germany Austria contained many non- German lands and peopleAustria contained many non- German lands and people Austria did not want to see Germany unitedAustria did not want to see Germany united

B. Germany ( ) Economics strengthened Prussia’s handEconomics strengthened Prussia’s hand Prussia’s Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck followed a “Blood and iron” policy to unite GermanyPrussia’s Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck followed a “Blood and iron” policy to unite Germany

B. Germany ( ) After Liberals failed to unite Germany, Bismarck achieved unification through Prussia’s economic and military power.After Liberals failed to unite Germany, Bismarck achieved unification through Prussia’s economic and military power.

B. Germany ( ) Prussia industrialized quicklyPrussia industrialized quickly Bismarck combined skillful diplomacy and Prussian military might to achieve German unificationBismarck combined skillful diplomacy and Prussian military might to achieve German unification

B. Germany ( ) Prussian military leaders used new technologies like railroad and the rifle to build the most powerful army in EuropePrussian military leaders used new technologies like railroad and the rifle to build the most powerful army in Europe

B. Germany ( ) After wars with Denmark, Austria and FranceAfter wars with Denmark, Austria and France Germany was united in 1871Germany was united in 1871 The King of Prussia became the Kaiser (emperor) of GermanyThe King of Prussia became the Kaiser (emperor) of Germany

VII. Romanticism Romanticism replaced ideas of the enlightenment by reflecting deep interest in both nature and the thoughts and feelings of individualsRomanticism replaced ideas of the enlightenment by reflecting deep interest in both nature and the thoughts and feelings of individuals

VII. Romanticism Romantic era artists express ideas and attitudes in ways such asRomantic era artists express ideas and attitudes in ways such as Mysterious, the supernatural, the exotic or the horrifyingMysterious, the supernatural, the exotic or the horrifying Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler timeIdealized the past as a simpler and nobler time Glorifying heroes and heroic actionsGlorifying heroes and heroic actions

Literature Mary Shelley’s FrankensteinMary Shelley’s Frankenstein Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories of horrorEdgar Allen Poe’s short stories of horror

Romanticism the monster created by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was a symbol of the danger of science’s attempt to conquer naturethe monster created by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was a symbol of the danger of science’s attempt to conquer nature

Romanticism Romanic poetryRomanic poetry Love and natureLove and nature William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth

VIII. Realism Realism - mid-19th century movement that rejected romanticism & sought to portray lower & middle class life as it actually wasRealism - mid-19th century movement that rejected romanticism & sought to portray lower & middle class life as it actually was

VII. Romanticism In literature and the visual arts during the 1800’s Realism tried to show life as it was, not as it should be nor what it could be.In literature and the visual arts during the 1800’s Realism tried to show life as it was, not as it should be nor what it could be.

Realism Tried to avoid emotional languageTried to avoid emotional language Examination of social issuesExamination of social issues

A. Realism in Literature *Charles Dickens*Charles Dickens Oliver Twist & David CopperfieldOliver Twist & David Copperfield

A. Realism in Literature Realistic novel focusing on the lower and middle classes in Britain’s early industrial ageRealistic novel focusing on the lower and middle classes in Britain’s early industrial age described the urban poordescribed the urban poor

The Stonebreakers

The flying shuttle and the water-powered loom both caused the need for more thread. The spinning jenny met the need for more thread. Production increased.

I. Romanticism *Romanticism - an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, & imagination as sources of knowing*Romanticism - an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, & imagination as sources of knowing

I. Romanticism *valued individualism*valued individualism passionate interest in the pastpassionate interest in the past medieval architecturemedieval architecture