Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition Chapter 20 Collapse at the Center: World War, Depression, and the Rebalancing of Global Power, 1914–1970s Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Robert W. Strayer

1.) Who are the soldiers on the right? Who are the soldiers in the background? 2.) Why do you think the artist chose a winter background? 3.) What is the purpose of this poster?

I. The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918 A. An Accident Waiting to Happen 1.European global power but rivalry and conflict at home 2.Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, June 28, Alliances and nationalism

I. The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914 – 1918 A. An Accident Waiting to Happen 4.Industrialized militarism 5.European empires and trade make it a global war - Germany and Italy had become nations by sides to the war- sides were drawn up by Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria and Italy) - Triple Entente (Russia, France and Britain) -factors -M.A.I.N (militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism)

I. The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918 B. Legacies of the Great War 1.Surprises and horrors of the war -not a quick war as expected 2.Widespread disillusionment in Europe -war of attrition -made people question Enlightenment values 3.Gender and the war: Mother’s Day versus flappers -women replaced men in the factories 4.National Self-Determination in Europe -rearrangement of map in Central Europe 5.Russian Revolution, pulled Russia out of the war

B. Legacies of the Great War 6.Treaty of Versailles, conditions that created WWII -Germany LOST: colonies, European land, military -blamed for war- had to pay reparations 7.Armenian Genocide, Ottoman collapse, and the rise of Turkey -Britain promises BOTH Arabs (Muslims) and Jews Palestine 8.View from the colonies -colonies, especially Britain’s gained military skills 9.Japanese expansion in China -Japan assumes Germany’s colonies and privileges 10.Rise of the United States -US become Europe’s creditor, Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

1.) who are the people in front of the billboard? 2.) what does the billboard advertise? 3.) what did the billboard intend to deliver? And how did the photograph change this image?

II. Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression A. Most influential postwar change - suggested Europe’s economy was failing - worries about industrial capitalism - individual materialism, social inequities, great anxiety -hit in stock prices wiped out by paper fortunes -many lost life’s savings -world trade dropped by 62% -unemployment soared B. Numerous causes for Great Depression - American economy boomed - speculation of the stock market drove prices up artificially

C. Worldwide empires cause Worldwide problem - countries/colonies depended on exports of a few products were hit -tensions in Latin America- military takeovers, intervention governments D.Major challenge to governments - capitalist governments thought the market would regulate - Soviet Unions economy growing through the 30’s - some respond with “democratic socialism” - The NEW DEAL - in the US with Pres. Roosevelt -public spending programs to help people from government -changes the relationship between the people and government -WWII helped stimulate the economy for the US -Nazi Germany and Japan coped best with Depression

III. Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan A.Democratic political ideals came under attack in the wake of WWI -The challenge of communism -challenge to the victors of WWI -authoritarian states allied together (Italy, Germany and Japan ) B. The Fascist Alternative in Europe - fascism -appealed to dissatisfied people of ALL social classes -developed in Italy -Mussolini embraced Catholic culture -Ethiopia invaded as first step to “new Roman empire”

C. Hitler and the Nazis -German fascism was more important the Italy’s -took shape under Nazi party with Adolf Hitler -many similarities to Italian fascism -grew out of the collapse of the German imperial state of WWI -the Nazi party grew (1928 – 2.6%, %) -Hitler suppressed other political parties, censored press -used Jews as the scapegoat for ills of society -Deeply antifeminist -the rise of Nazism represents a moral collapse in the West

D. Japanese Authoritarianism -Japan was also a “newcomer” to a “power status” -moved government to authoritarian government and territorial expansion -important differences -minimal role in WWI, at Versailles- Japan on winning side -1920’s Japan was moving to democracy -education, urban consumer society, individual freedoms (women too), lower class movements=equality -tensions of modernization and industrialization emerge -”Rice Riot” 1918, union memberships, women's movement, socialist/communist parties take shape -elite reacted with alarm -political arrest and some deaths -shift of Japanese public life in 1930s -government spots went to military/ bureaucrats not party leaders, military more dominant, free expression limited, -Japan was less repressive than Germany or Italy

1.) Where did this picture originate? What was its purpose? 2.) What prejudices against Jews did the image convey?

IV. A Second World War A.World War II was even more global than WWI - Independent origins in Asian and Africa, dissatisfied states in both continents wanted to rearrange international relations B.The Road to War in Asia -Japanese imperial ambitions rose -Japan acquired influence in Manchuria after Russo- Japanese War -withdrew from League of Nations major attack on China (start of Asia WWII) -international opinion was against Japan – Japan feels threatened -western racism, imperialist powers had “good stuff” dependent on US (oil) Japan launches attack on European colonies -Pearl Harbor

IV. A Second World War C. The Road to War in Europe - Nazis promise to rectify Treaty of Versailles -Britain, France and Russia will not confront Germany -war was actually desired by Nazi leadership -Hitler stressed “living space” -rearmament annexation of Austria and Czech (german) attacks Poland -Germany’s blitzkrieg -Germany quickly gained most of Europe -defeat of France, air war with Britain, invaded USSR, stopped by Soviet counterattack 1942, Germany defeated in 1945

IV. A Second World War C. The Outcomes of Global Conflict 1.60,000,000 dead, 50 percent civilians 2.25,000,000 in USSR (40%) and 15,000,000 in China 3.bombing raids on Japan, Britain and Germany showed new attitude toward total war 4.Women as workers and as victims 5.Holocaust and other Nazi mass murders 6. WWII left Europe impoverished and industrial areas in ruins and citizens homeless/displaced 7. weakened Europe could not hold onto colonies 8. WWII consolidated and expanded communist world 9. growing internationalism -UN (united nations) and World Monetary Fund

V. The Recovery of Europe A.Europe recovered in the 2 nd half of the 20 th century - rebuild industrial economies and democratic systems- US key player B.How Europe recovered C.Japan underwent a parallel recovery process

VI. Reflections: War and Remembrance: Learning from History A. What are the lessons of history? B. How has the USA used the lessons of the two world wars? C. When going to war, expect the unexpected.