DISASTERS Volcano Eruptions 2013 Вотте Наталия Михайловна, учитель английского языка ГБОУ СОШ №548 с углублённым изучением английского языка

A disaster is a tragic event which causes great damage or destruction, loss of life, or dramatic change to the natural environment.

There are such disasters as: Volcano Eruptions Earthquakes and Tsunamis Floods, Hail Storms and Droughts Hurricanes and Tornadoes Wildfires Mud Slides and Avalanches Oil spills Wars Disasters caused by people’s activities (Chernobyl Disaster)

Disasters are divided into natural or human-made disasters, although complex disasters are more common.

NATURAL DISASTERS

Volcano [v ɒ l'ke ɪ n ə u] a mountain with a large hole at the top, through which hot rocks, lava, and ash sometimes rise into the air from inside the earth How do volcanoes erupt? Deep within the Earth it is so hot that some rocks become flowing magma. Magma rises when pressure from gases within the rock becomes too great, it comes to the Earth's surface and is called lava. Eruptions can be quiet or explosive. There may be hundreds or thousands of years between volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions occur only in certain places called ‘hot spots’.

Active volcanoes create problems. There are lava flows, poisonous gases, flying rock and ash. The danger area around a volcano covers about 20-miles. Some danger may exist 100 miles or more from a volcano.

Lava flows destroy everything in their path and cause fire but move slowly so people can move out of the way.

Volcanic ash and gas can affect people hundreds of miles away and cause lung illnesses. Volcanic ash also can damage machinery, engines and electrical equipment. Ash erupted into the sky falls back to Earth like a blanket and can suffocate plants, animals, and humans.

Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland [’ ɛɪ ja ˌ fjatl ̥ a ˌ jœk ʏ tl ̥ ] The eruption ejected glass-rich ash to over 8 kilometres into the atmosphere. and caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010.

Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by other natural disasters, such as earthquakes, mudflows (When hot volcanic materials mix with water mudflows form. Mudflows have buried entire communities located near erupting volcanoes), floods, rock falls and landslides, acid rain, fire.

Volcanic explosions can shoot large pieces of rock at very high speeds for several miles. These explosions can kill and destroy entire forests.

We can not prevent the eruption, but most volcanoes provide various types of warnings before eruptions begin. People living near volcanoes may feel earthquakes, though an explosive eruption could occur without warning The most effective means of monitoring are instrumental and include a variety of techniques. Monitoring systems indicate the probability of volcanic activity and its possible location, but they typically do not indicate the kind or scale of an expected eruption

Protection Diverting lava flows by artificial means. Well-placed barriers may successfully divert a short-lived lava flow, but during a longer eruption prove impossible. Diverting lava requires favorable conditions of topography and property ownership. Artificial diversion of lava onto property that otherwise would have been spared could lead to legal problems. Lava diversion is a reasonable option in unpopulated areas where isolated, high-value property is at risk. For example, diversion structures have been constructed in Hawaii to protect the Mauna Loa Observatory from future lava flows

What to Do Before a Volcanic Eruption - Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member of the family to your disaster supply kit. - Stay away from active volcano sites. - If you live near a known volcano, active or dormant, be ready to evacuate at a moment's notice. What to Do During a Volcanic Eruption - If a volcano erupts where you live follow the evacuation order issued by authorities and evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases and lava flow.

Create your own presentation about a disaster using the plan: - What is it? - Why does it occur? - How does it affect nature and people? (Consequences) - How can it or its effects be prevented and people be rescued? - Examples

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