Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Corrections Chapter 13

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives 1.Describe how the American system of corrections has developed 2.Analyze the roles federal, state, and local government play in corrections 3.Discuss the law of corrections and how it applies to offenders and correctional personnel 4.Describe the direction of community corrections 5.Explain why the prison population has more than quadrupled over the last three decades

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Development of Corrections Invention of the Penitentiary Reform in the United States The Pennsylvania System The New York System Prisons in the South and West

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 13.1 Early Prisons in the United States Sources: Adapted from data by Norman Johnston, Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture (Urbana: University of Illinois, 2000).

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Development of Corrections (slide 1 of 2) Reformatory Movement Cincinnati, 1870 Elmira Reformatory Improving Prison Conditions for Women

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Development of Corrections (slide 2 of 2) Rehabilitation Model Community Model Crime Control Model

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Checkpoint (slide 1 of 2) 1.What was the Enlightenment and how did it influence corrections? 2.What were the main goals of the penitentiary? 3.How did the Pennsylvania and New York systems differ?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Checkpoint (slide 2 of 2) 4.What was the significance of the Cincinnati Declaration of Principles? 5.What principles guided the reform of corrections for women in the 19 th century? 6.What are the underlying assumptions of the rehabilitation, community, and crime control models of corrections?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Organization of Corrections in the United States (slide 1 of 2) Federal Correctional System Federal Bureau of Prisons Federal Probation and Parole Supervision State Correctional Systems Community Corrections State Prison Systems State Institutions for Women

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Organization of Corrections in the United States (slide 2 of 2) Private Prisons Incarcerated Immigrants 1.Undocumented immigrants 2.Sentenced undocumented immigrants 3.Sentenced legal immigrants

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Checkpoint 7.What agencies of the U.S. government are responsible for prisons and probation? 8.What agencies of state government are responsible for incarceration, probation, intermediate sanctions, and parole? 9.What are the arguments in favor or against privately run prisons?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration Origins and Evolution The Contemporary Jail Who Is in Jail? Managing Jails Role of the Jail Inmate Characteristics Fiscal Problems

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Figure 13.2 Characteristics of Jail Inmates in U.S. Jails Compared with the American population as a whole, jails are disproportionately inhabited by men, minorities, the poorly educated and those with low income. Sources: Todd D. Minton and Daniela Golnelli, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013: Statistical Tables, NCJ (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics), May 2014: C. W. Harlow, “Education and Correctional Populations,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Special Report, January 2003.

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy Evidence-Based Practices, Jails, and Mental Illness What agencies and organizations could be contacted to create well-planned procedures to follow when people with mental disorders are brought to jail?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Checkpoint 10.What are the functions of jails? 11.What are three of the problems affecting jails?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Law of Corrections Constitutional Rights of Prisoners First Amendment Fourth Amendment Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment Due Process in Prison Discipline Equal Protection A Change in Judicial Direction? Impact of the Prisoners’ Rights Movement

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. First Amendment Since 1970, courts have extended the rights of freedom of speech and expression to prisoners. Procunier v. Martinez (1974) Restricted censorship of inmate mail Turner v. Safley (1987) Ban on mail correspondence between inmates in different facilities

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Close Up Free Exercise of Religion Inside Prisons Should an offender convicted of aiding his country’s enemies be entitled to the protection of rights?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Fourth Amendment Hudson v. Palmer (1984) Prisoners don’t have protection against search and seizure. No right to privacy Safety is more important—searches are necessary.

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Eighth Amendment Courts consider whether: The punishment shocks the conscience of a civilized society. The punishment is cruel. The punishment goes beyond legitimate penal aims. Estelle v. Gamble (1976) “Deliberate indifference” violates the 8th Amendment.

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Fourteenth Amendment Due process in prison discipline Wolff v. McDonnell (1974) Basic procedural rights when decisions are made about the disciplining of inmates Equal protection Lee v. Washington (1968) Racial discrimination may not be official policy within prison walls

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Law of Corrections Law and Community Corrections Conditions of Probation and Parole Revocation of Probation and Parole Law and Correctional Personnel Civil Service Laws Liability of Correctional Personnel

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. A correctional officer leads a “sniffer” dog through a cell at Big Muddy Correctional Center in Ina, Illinois. A 150-member tactical team conducted this search without giving the prisoners any warning. Is there anything that officers might do during such a search that would violate a prisoner’s Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Checkpoint 12.What was the hands-off policy? 13.Why is the case of Cooper v. Pate important to the expansion of prisoners’ rights? 14.What protections do prisoners receive from the First, Fourth, and Eighth Amendments? 15.Which two clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment have been interpreted by the Supreme Court to apply to prisoners’ rights?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Correctional Policy Trends (slide 1 of 2) Community Corrections Probation Parole

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Correctional Policy Trends (slide 2 of 2) Incarceration Increased Arrests and More-Likely Incarceration Tougher Sentencing Practices Prison Construction The War on Drugs State and Local Politics Community Safety vs Incarceration

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Technology & Criminal Justice Cell Phones in Prisons How will corrections officials be able to keep up with smuggled technology in prisons?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Checkpoint 16.What are five explanations for the great increase in the incarcerated population? 17.Why might additional prison construction only aggravate the problem?

Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. A Question of Ethics Michigan’s corrections system hires Aramark (food service company) Should corrections officials and legislators make saving money their highest priority?