Perception Interventions Chapter 8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

8-2 Chapter Overview Selective awareness Selective awareness Stop to smell the roses Stop to smell the roses Perspective and selective awareness Perspective and selective awareness An attitude of gratitude An attitude of gratitude Humor and stress Humor and stress Type A behavior pattern Type A behavior pattern Self-esteem Self-esteem

8-3 Chapter Overview (cont.) Locus of control Locus of control Anxiety management Anxiety management Resiliency Resiliency Hardiness Hardiness

8-4 What Are Perceptions? ____________interpretations of people, things, and events within your world

8-5 Selective Awareness _____________to focus on the positive rather than the negative in a situation _____________to focus on the positive rather than the negative in a situation Realize that there is both good and bad in every situation Realize that there is both good and bad in every situation Choose a positive physiological and psychological response Choose a positive physiological and psychological response

8-6 Selective Awareness (cont.) _________________ (but do not deny) negative features _________________ (but do not deny) negative features Recall the good events of each day Recall the good events of each day “Be your own best friend” “Be your own best friend” “Take time to smell the roses” “Take time to smell the roses”

8-7 Concepts of Perspective and Selective Awareness Put _________stressors into perspective Put _________stressors into perspective Focus on the ___________aspects of the current situation Focus on the ___________aspects of the current situation Develop an “attitude of_________” Develop an “attitude of_________” –Focus on things about which to be grateful

8-8 Optimism and Health Being an optimist can keep you healthy, and being a ____________can contribute to poor health Being an optimist can keep you healthy, and being a ____________can contribute to poor health A 2009 study of 97,000 women showed that the more optimistic people were, the lower their rates of mortality for all illnesses A 2009 study of 97,000 women showed that the more optimistic people were, the lower their rates of mortality for all illnesses

8-9 Humor and Stress Humor can be an effective means of _________with stress Humor can be an effective means of _________with stress Humor prevents negative life events from resulting in _______disturbances Humor prevents negative life events from resulting in _______disturbances Coping with humor acted as a _______between negative life events and mood disturbances Coping with humor acted as a _______between negative life events and mood disturbances Fancy Collection / SuperStock

8-10 Humor and Stress Relationship (cont.) Humor results in psychological and physiological changes leading to_____________ Humor results in psychological and physiological changes leading to_____________ Humor has been shown to improve the health of the elderly and has been used as___________ Humor has been shown to improve the health of the elderly and has been used as___________ Humor also can be used inappropriately, causing _________to others Humor also can be used inappropriately, causing _________to others

8-11 Type A Behavior Pattern Characterized by competitive drive, aggressiveness, impatience, time urgency, free-floating hostility, insecurity Characterized by competitive drive, aggressiveness, impatience, time urgency, free-floating hostility, insecurity Found to be associated with coronary heart disease Found to be associated with coronary heart disease Exhibited in females as well as males Exhibited in females as well as males Learned behavior, not genetically passed down Learned behavior, not genetically passed down

8-12 Interesting Research A study of nurses and teachers shows that Type A’s tend to experience more job stress A study of nurses and teachers shows that Type A’s tend to experience more job stress Type A hospital employees had more health problems Type A hospital employees had more health problems Their appears to be a relationship between anger/hostility and coronary heart disease Their appears to be a relationship between anger/hostility and coronary heart disease

8-13 Did You Know? Of all the behavioral characteristics studied, it appears that Type A’s that have a preponderance of __________aggression are more likely to develop coronary heart disease Of all the behavioral characteristics studied, it appears that Type A’s that have a preponderance of __________aggression are more likely to develop coronary heart disease

8-14 Type B Behavior Pattern Behavior that exhibits no free-floating hostility or sense of time urgency, opposite of Type A Behavior that exhibits no free-floating hostility or sense of time urgency, opposite of Type A Still associated with coronary heart disease Still associated with coronary heart disease

8-15 Other Behavior Patterns Type C: Associated with the development of cancer; characterized by denial and suppression of emotions; in particular, anger, resentment, and hostility, and pathological niceness Type C: Associated with the development of cancer; characterized by denial and suppression of emotions; in particular, anger, resentment, and hostility, and pathological niceness Type D: Associated with the development of and death from coronary heart disease; characterized by negative emotion and inhibited self-expression Type D: Associated with the development of and death from coronary heart disease; characterized by negative emotion and inhibited self-expression

8-16 Self-Esteem Self-esteem is how you regard yourself Self-esteem is how you regard yourself Poor self-esteem is related to drug abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior, and other unhealthy activities Poor self-esteem is related to drug abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior, and other unhealthy activities Can be affected by treatment by others; how we are judged affects how we feel about ourselves Can be affected by treatment by others; how we are judged affects how we feel about ourselves

8-17 Self-Esteem (cont.) Poor self-esteem may lead to the development of stress-related illnesses Poor self-esteem may lead to the development of stress-related illnesses Self-esteem is learned and can be re- learned Self-esteem is learned and can be re- learned Stress management requires confidence in your ability to control your life effectively Stress management requires confidence in your ability to control your life effectively

8-18 How to Increase Self-Esteem 1.Identify what needs to be improved 2.Look at other components (e.g., low scores from Lab 8.4) 3.Ask yourself what needs to be improved 4.Whatever you decide to do: Do it now!Do it now! Stick with it!Stick with it! You can feel better about yourselfYou can feel better about yourself

8-19 Locus of Control Perception of the amount of personal control you have over events in your life Perception of the amount of personal control you have over events in your life –__________locus of control: perception that one has little control over these events –_____________locus of control: perception that one has a good deal of control over life events Those with external locus take less action to control their lives because they believe such action is fruitless Those with external locus take less action to control their lives because they believe such action is fruitless

8-20 Interesting Research Women with an internal locus of control perceived themselves at greater risk of developing breast cancer and, therefore, were more likely to be screened (Rowe et al., 2005) Women with an internal locus of control perceived themselves at greater risk of developing breast cancer and, therefore, were more likely to be screened (Rowe et al., 2005) Locus of control related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, and how one responds to a diagnosis of human papillomavirus (van de Putte et al., 2005; Hansen et al., 2005; Kahn et al., 2005) Locus of control related to chronic fatigue syndrome, sick leave from work, and how one responds to a diagnosis of human papillomavirus (van de Putte et al., 2005; Hansen et al., 2005; Kahn et al., 2005)

8-21 Locus of Control (cont.) People can have good locus of control in one area of life and not in another People can have good locus of control in one area of life and not in another Cocreator Perception Deficiency (CCPD) describes those who believe that they have total control over events or no control at all; both are faulty Cocreator Perception Deficiency (CCPD) describes those who believe that they have total control over events or no control at all; both are faulty

8-22 Anxiety Management Complete Lab 8.6 Complete Lab 8.6 Anxiety is unrealistic _______resulting in physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the stimulus Anxiety is unrealistic _______resulting in physiological arousal and behaviors to avoid or escape the stimulus

8-23 Anxiety (cont.) Types of anxiety Types of anxiety  Test anxiety  Trait anxiety (general)  State anxiety (temporary or specific)  Panic disorder (feelings of terror)  Social phobia (fear and self-consciousness)  Specific phobias (fear of specific situations)

8-24 Coping Techniques Environmental planning Environmental planning Relabeling Relabeling Self-talk Self-talk Thought stopping Thought stopping Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization Cognitive restructuring Cognitive restructuring ABCDE technique ABCDE technique

8-25 Anxiety Management Techniques

8-26 Resiliency The ability to identify and make use of strengths and assets to respond to challenges, thereby growing as an individual The ability to identify and make use of strengths and assets to respond to challenges, thereby growing as an individual Resilient traits include: happiness, optimism, self-determination, creativity, self-control, gratitude, forgiveness, and humility Resilient traits include: happiness, optimism, self-determination, creativity, self-control, gratitude, forgiveness, and humility

8-27 Hardiness People who are hardy have the “3 Cs” People who are hardy have the “3 Cs” –_C___________ –_C____________ –_C_____________ Hardy people are able to better withstand the onslaught of stressors Hardy people are able to better withstand the onslaught of stressors –Become ill less often from stressors –Have less psychological distress, increased happiness and adjustment, happier marriages

8-28 Perception Interventions End Chapter 8 Joshua Ets-Hokin/Getty Images