Micro and Macro Nutreints What is Nutrients?

Objectives Food groups Types and sources of nutrients Nutrients requirements Factors affecting nutrition requirements Feeding based on age, gender, physical conditions

Two View of the Food Traditional view and scientific view of foods What is the relationship bw food groups and nutreints:

Different food groups have different nutrients Food GroupsImportant nutrients CerealsRich in carbohydrates (energy) PotatoesRich in carbohydrates (energy) LegumesRich in proteins Milk and milk productsRich in proteins Eggs and meatRich in proteins Fruits and VegetablesRich in minerals and vitamins Nuts & oilseedsRich in Energy Butter, oil, gheeRich in Energy Sugar and honeyRich in Carbohydrates (energy) Food Groups:

Food Groups Carbohydrates: Growth & Repair – cereals, –Potatoes –Maize

Food Groups: fats Fats: Provides energy and helps absorption of some vitamins Energy-rich foods Three types of fate saturated, unsaturated and trans fatty acids

Food Group: Pulses, meat, eggs Proteins: Improve growth and repair Protein-rich foods –legumes –dairy products –egg and meat

Food Group: fruits and vegitables Vitamins & Minerals: Protection, bone growth and cell function. –Fruits –Vegetables –Egg and Dairy (minerals)

GW Groups work main available food groups and the nutrient contents

What is our food Requirements? Nutrition Requirement is based on the following conditions: Age Gender (male/female) Physical activities Body composition Health condition

Age and Nutrition Requirements Infants 6 to 36 Months School age and youths Pregnant and lactating mothers Men Elderly people Sick people

GW Based on age work in groups and identify their nutrients requirements.

Nutritional requirements of specific groups Babies Young children, 6-36 months School-age children & adolescents Pregnant and lactating mothers Men Elderly people Sick people

Babies under 6 months Specific needs: All nutrients to grow and be healthy Protection against disease What to eat: Breastmilk, upon demand (as often as possible)

Young children above 6 months Specific needs More energy and protein to grow well Micronutrients to have a strong immune system What to eat Fat-rich foods to increase energy content Fresh fruits and vegetables (esp. with vits A & C) Eggs, milk foods and iron-rich animal foods (meat, offal, poultry, fish) daily or as often as possible Foods that are not too spicy or salty (too much salt is bad for children)

Foods should be: easy to eat and digest hygienically prepared and fed without bones or hard pieces that might cause choking Frequency 2 – 3 meals a day at ages 6-8 months 3 – 4 meals a day at ages 9 – 24 months With 1 or 2 good snacks each day after 6 months Young children above 6 months

Methods: Use a separate plate Help and encourage young children to eat Do not hurry Make it fun, avoid force feeding Mix foods together; if not, the child picks out and eats only favourite foods

School-age Children and adolescents Specific Needs Growth Physical activity Study, learning For adolescent girls, more iron (menstruation) What to eat: A good, balanced, breakfast (porridge, milk, butter, beans, fruit) A good lunch, with various foods A big dinner with various foods Snacks, but not sugar-rich and salty snacks Iodised salt Other: Deworming

Women of reproductive age Specific Needs Pregnancy Lactation Menstruation (need for more iron) Physical activity What to eat: Slightly smaller amounts of staples, legumes and fats (than men) At least the same amount of vegetables and fruits More iron-rich foods Iodised salt Iron / folic acid supplements

Women of reproductive age Specific needs during the pregnancy: 280 extra kcal / day, more protein, zinc, vit A & C, folate, and much more iron. Eat well throughout pregnancy, including the 1st trimester. Women should gain 1kg / month in the 2 nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy During lactation: 450 extra kcal/day, much more protein, zinc, vit A & C, and folate (one extra small meal, or snacks)

Women of reproductive age Other advice Between pregnancies: eat well to reconstitute stores Wait at least 2 or 3 years between pregnancies Wait at least 6 months between ending breastfeeding and becoming pregnant Do not have a baby when the woman is too young (e.g. under 18) or too old

Adult Men Specific Needs Physical work, e.g. on construction sites, in the fields, etc. What to eat: Balanced meals Often, men eat better than other family members, but they may also be malnourished if they are poor, ill, on drugs, or if they live alone…

Elderly Specific Needs To stay healthy and active longer Need less energy than younger people, but as much protein and micronutrients Reduced appetite or difficulty eating (gum / teeth problems) What to eat: nutrient-rich meals (protein and micronutrients) Easy to eat meals Other: encourage elderly to do physical exercise. It increases appetite, and helps them stay healthy longer

Sick people Specific needs: Infection reduces appetite Infection increases the need for nutrients : -The nutrients are poorly absorbed by the gut -The body uses nutrients faster than usual Loss of water MalnutritionInfection

Sick people What to eat: Small amounts of food frequently, including fat and sugar Sick people often prefer soft foods and sweet foods A lot of to drink: water, tea, juice (boiled milk or milky tea can be given but not if diarrhoea) Foods prepared in a clean and safe way For diarrhoea: a lot of drink with salts (ORS, soups, rice water…)

In practice: just eat diverse foods!

Main Messages Identification of food groups Identify macro and micro nutrients and their sources Nutrients requirements Identify factors affecting nutrient needs Feeding based on age, gender, physical conditions