Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky 8 Joints Part A

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vertebral Column Figure 7.13

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 Female pelvis  Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing  True pelvis defines birth canal  Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Male pelvis  Tilted less forward  Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles  Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Joints (Articulations)  Weakest parts of the skeleton  Articulation – site where two or more bones meet  Functions of joints  Give the skeleton mobility  Hold the skeleton together

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Kyphosis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lordosis

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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints: Structural  Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present  The three structural classifications are:  Fibrous  Cartilaginous  Synovial

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints: Functional  Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint  The three functional classes of joints are:  Synarthroses – immovable  Amphiarthroses – slightly movable  Diarthroses – freely movable

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Structural Joints  The bones are joined by fibrous tissues  There is no joint cavity  Most are immovable  There are three types – sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures Figure 8.1a

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints  Articulating bones are united by cartilage  Lack a joint cavity  Two types – synchondroses and symphyses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses Figure 8.2a, b  pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses Figure 8.2c

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity  All are freely movable diarthroses  Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: General Structure  Synovial joints all have the following  Articular cartilage  Joint (synovial) cavity  Articular capsule  Synovial fluid  Reinforcing ligaments

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: General Structure Figure 8.3a, b

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures Figure 8.4

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Stability  Stability is determined by:  Articular surfaces – shape determines what movements are possible  Ligaments – unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion  Muscle tone is accomplished by:  Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors  Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Movement  The two muscle attachments across a joint are:  Origin – attachment to the immovable bone  Insertion – attachment to the movable bone  Described as movement along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints: Range of Motion  Nonaxial – slipping movements only  Uniaxial – movement in one plane  Biaxial – movement in two planes  Multiaxial – movement in or around all three planes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gliding Movement Figure 8.5a

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Angular Movement Figure 8.5b

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Angular Movement Figure 8.5c, d

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Angular Movement Figure 8.5e, f

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rotation  The turning of a bone around its own long axis  Examples  Between first two vertebrae  Hip and shoulder joints Figure 8.5g

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 8.6a

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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 8.6c

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 8.6d

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 8.6e