© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Psychology in Action, Fifth Edition by Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 10: Gender and Human Sexuality Paul J. Wellman Texas A&M University

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Lecture Overview Sex and Gender The Study of Human Sexuality Sexual Behavior Sexual Problems

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sex and Gender Sex refers to the biological aspects of being male or female (and the physical acts of intercourse/masturbation) –Sex differences are physical differences Gender refers to the psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological sex –Gender differences result from people’s thinking about gender

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Physical Dimensions of Sex Sex DimensionsMaleFemale 1. Chromosomes 2. Gonads 3. Hormones 4. External genitalia 5. Internal accessory organs 6. Secondary sex characteristics 7. Sexual orientation XYXX TestesOvaries AndrogensEstrogens Penis, scrotumLabia, clitoris, vaginal opening Prostate, seminalVagina, uterus, vesicles, fallopian tubes, vas deferenscervix Beard, low voice,Breasts, sperm emissionmenstruation Heterosexual, gay,Heterosexual, bisexuallesbian, bisexual

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Human Reproductive Structures

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Gender Dimensions Gender DimensionsMaleFemale 8. Gender identityPerceives selfPerceives self as maleas female 9. Gender roleMasculineFeminine Gender identity is self-defined Gender role is socially defined

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Gender Role Development Gender roles are societal expectations for normal and appropriate female and male behavior –Social learning theory argues that gender roles develop as children receive rewards/punishments for gender role behaviors watch and imitate the behaviors of others –Cognitive development theory argues that children develop gender schemas on gender roles

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Gender Differences Cognitive abilities –Females score higher on verbal skills –Males score higher on math, visual-spatial skills Aggression –Males exhibit greater physical aggressiveness –Females are higher on relational aggression

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sexual Arousal Cycle

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Why do Males Engage in More Sexual Activity? Evolutionary Perspective: Men developed an interest in sex with multiple partners in order to maximize the likelihood of passing on their genes; women seek a good provider Social Role Approach: Gender differences reflect cultural roles and division on labor

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sexual Orientation Homosexuality reflects: –Biological factors Twin studies suggest genetic influence Gay brothers share a common region of the X chromosome Brain structures vary between gay and heterosexual men –Psychosocial theories Smothering mother, detached father Homosexuality reflects arrested development

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sexual Problems Male –Impotence –Premature ejaculation Male and Female –Dyspareunia (painful intercourse) –Inhibited Desire Female –Orgasmic dysfunction –Vaginismus

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sex Therapy: Masters and Johnson  Therapy focuses on the relationship  Therapy integrates physiological and psychosocial factors  Therapy focuses on cognitive factors  Therapy focuses on specific behavioral techniques

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Drug Actions on Sexuality Alcohol: Reduced testes size and suppressed hormone function Cocaine: Erectile disorder, inhibited orgasm, lowered sperm counts Barbiturates: Reduced desire, erectile disorder, delayed orgasm Marijuana: Reduced testosterone levels, reduced desire

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sexually Transmitted Diseases From Strong, DeVault, & Sayad. (1996). Core Concepts in Human Sexuality. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Reprinted with permission.

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Copyright Copyright 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.