18.1 The Movement Begins. Lesson Objectives 1. The students will be able to explain the difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation.

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18.1 The Movement Begins

Lesson Objectives 1. The students will be able to explain the difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation. 2. The students will be able to discuss the effects of the Brown v. Board of Education case. 3. The students will be able to explain what the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did for African Americans.

A. Origins of the Movement 1. Rosa Parks a. Sparked a new era in the Civil Rights Movement c. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) got involved. 2. Morgan v. Virginia a. Segregation on interstate buses unconstitutional. i. Why was Parks arrested then?

3. Plessy v. Ferguson a. 1896, ruled segregation constitutional. b. Created the “separate but equal” doctrine. i. Separate facilities ok as long as they were equal.

4. “Jim Crow” Laws a. Segregation laws b. De Facto Segregation i. Segregation by custom or tradition c. De Jure Segregation i. Segregation established by law

B. New Political Power 1. Great Migration a. African Americans moved to the Northern cities s, New Deal helped African Americans a. What did this do for the political parties?

3. CORE a. Congress of Racial Equality i. Used sit-ins as a form of protest; esp. in restaurants ii. Successfully integrated theaters, and restaurants

C. Brown v. Board of Education 1. Lead attorney Thurgood Marshal. 2. Supreme Court ruling: unconstitutional. a. Applied to public schools only

3. Thurgood Marshall a. Leader of the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund b. First African American Supreme Court Justice, 1967

4. Southern Resistance a. “Southern Manifesto” i. Encouraged Southerners to defy the Supreme Court ruling.

D. Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. A form of non- violent protest. a. Favored by Martin Luther King, Jr. 2. Dec. 5 th 1955 to Dec. 20 th Resulted from Rosa Park's arrest.

4. Martin Luther King, Jr. a. Leader of the bus boycott. b. Favored the non- violent protesting techniques of Gandhi.

E. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1. Established after the success of the bus boycott. 2. Set out to eliminate segregation and encouraged voter registration.

F. Crisis in Little Rock 1. Gov. Faubus sent Arkansas National Guard to keep nine African Americans from going to a 'white' school. 2. Eisenhower sent Troops to protect and allow the students to go to the school. a. The nine African American students became known as the 'Little Rock Nine'

G. New Legislation 1. Civil Rights Act of 1957 a. Protect the right to vote b. Compromise made to pass bill i. Civil Rights division in the Dept. of Justice iii. US Commission on Civil Rights created 2. SCLC began a campaign to register voters.