10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. 4.Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic empire. 5.Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the Revolutions of 1848.

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

1794-The Reign of Terror Ends Robespierre is executed.

From 1794 –1799 The Directory rules France and creates a bi-cameral legislature. It also has a weak executive branch of five. This was set up to fight against the abuses that occurred during the Reign of Terror. The moderate Directory is attacked from both royalists and radicals.

Napoleon Saves the Day (Twice) In 1793, the British, Spanish and French Royalists mount an attack to bring down the Directory. Napoleon defeats the group. In 1795, Royalists again attempt to take over the Directory and once again Napoleon saves the day. Napoleon’s popularity is at an all time high!

In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory in a Coup d’ Etat. What does Napoleon do next… Napoleon leads France to victory over Austria and expands France’s territory.

1799- Napoleon becomes 1st Council of France and makes himself dictator by a plebiscite (vote).

Code Napoleon Napoleonic Code *All citizens equal before the law. Religious freedom guaranteed. (Concordat of 1801) Ends special treatment based on birth – Merit System established. (Civil Service) Created the National Bank of France Set up a school system. (Lycees)

* Limited freedom of speech & press. * State more important than individual. 2 of Napoleon’s Negative Ideas

Napoleon Creates an Empire

1804- Napoleon Declares himself Emperor.

From Napoleon conquerors most of Europe and makes his brother King of Spain. Below is a link to a map of Europe showing the influence of Napoleon and France.

The Peninsular War The Spanish forces use “guerrilla warfare” to defeat Napoleon’s troops. They did not like Napoleon’s brother as the king Guerrilla = Spanish for little war. Hit and run attacks, ambushes, night raids.

1803-Napoleon sells the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

*The Continental System- Napoleon convinces the Countries of Europe to end trade (blockade) with Great Britain.

Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon’s navy defeated by the British Lord Nelson’s victory establishes British naval dominance

In 1811, Czar Alexander I of Russia violates The Continental System and resumes trade with Great Britain. Czar Alexander I

1812- Napoleon Invades Russia

Napoleons Grand Army invades Russia in May The Scorched Earth Policy Rather than fight Napoleon directly, Russian troops retreat and burn everything in their country of use to Napoleon.

400,000 Soldiers enter Russia, but only 10,000 return, it destroys Napoleon’s army.

Battle of Nations 1813 Napoleon’s enemies unite to defeat him.

Napoleon is forced to abdicate ( To relinquish formally a high office or responsibility ) and is exiled to Elba.

The 100 Days March Napoleon escapes Elba and returns to France for his last bid for power.

Battle of Waterloo June 1815

Napoleon’ s final exile. He dies there in The cause of his death is still under debate. Exile to St. Helena

Congress of Vienna Goals 1.Attempt to establish security and stability in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat (Did not want Napoleon type problem). 2.Restored monarchies and redrew nation’s borders. Will lead to big problems down the road. Nationalism- 1. A desire for self-rule and restoration of customs and traditions of one’s own country. 2.Extreme pride in one’s country. 3.People placed under foreign rule are upset (Congress of Vienna)