First Quarter review

1. What is a hypothesis?(p. 5) A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

2. What is a theory? (p. 13) A well-tested, widely accepted explanation. New information can alter.

3. What protein is a catalyst (speeds up) for chemical reactions in the body? (p.51) Enzyme (a type of protein)

4. What affects chemical reactions? (p. 53- list at least 2) Temperature, pH and many other factors

5. What is it called when a mRNA strand is synthesized from a DNA strand? (p.301) Transcription-this is the first step in the protein synthesis process

6. What is it called when a protein/polypeptide is synthesized using mRNA information? (p ) Translation-this is the 2nd major step in the proteins synthesis process

7. Where are proteins made? (p. 304) ribosomes

8. What takes amino acids to the Ribosomes to form polypeptide chains? (p ) tRNA uses the codon (3 letter code) and brings the correct amino acid so that the tRNA Anticodon will fit to the codon

9. What is a polypeptide/protein made up of?(p ) Amino acids (building blocks of a protein)

10. Put in order from smallest to largest: polymer, macromolecule & monomer Monomer Polymer macromolecule

11. Using the microscope formula, calculate total magnification for a microscope eyepiece of 15X and an objective lens of 100X. (p. 1070) 1500X (multiply the eyepiece to the objective lens that is being used)

12. What is a cell? (p. 16) Smallest unit of LIFE

13. Define selectively permeable/semi- permeable? (p ) Allows certain things into and out of the cell, but not others

14. What part of the cell is selectively semi- permeable? (p ) The cell membrane!

15. Define & describe the flow of: Active transport-(p ) Moves substances in & out of the cell— REQUIRES ENERGY!!!!!! Substances flow from low concentration to high concentration.

16. Define & describe the flow of:Endocytosis-(p.189) Large particles moved INTO the cell from low concentration to high concentration-requires energy

17. Define & describe the flow of: Exocytosis (p.189)- Large particles are moved OUT of the cell from low concentration to high concentration-requires energy

Describe the 2 types of exocytosis. 18. Pinocytosis(p.189)- active movement of liquid 19. Phagocytosis (p.189)-large particles actively being moved

20. Define & describe the flow of:Passive transport(p & notes) - Substances move in & out of the cell- NO ENERGY REQUIRED!!!! Substances flow from high to low concentration

21. Define & describe the flow of: Diffusion- (p. 184 ) Small particles passively (no energy) flow to an area of lower concentration to reach approx. equilibrium

22. cont. Define & describe the flow of:Osmosis-(p.185) When cells are put into solutions, water may leave or enter the cell to create a balance of solute to water balance.

23. Isotonic(p.186)- concentration of solutes is the same inside to inside of the cell. Water flows in and out of cell.

24. Hypertonic(p. 186)- solution has a higher solute concentration then in the cell. Water flows out of cell and into the solution.

25. Hypotonic(p. 186)- solution has a lower solute concentration then inside the cell. Water flows from solution and into the cell-may lyse

26. Write the functions:Golgi apparatus (p. 178)= Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins

27. Write the functions:Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (p )= Location where proteins are produced & exports proteins

28. Write the functions:Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (p )= Modifies lipids

29. Write the functions:Chloroplast (p. 180)= Captures sunlight & converts chemical energy-PHOTOSYNTHESIS

30. Write the functions: Nucleus (p. 176)= The BRAIN-controls all functions of the cell

31. Write the functions: Mitochondria (p. 179)= Converts food (glucose) into energy (ATP)-CELL RESPIRATION

32. What are the differences between a plant and animal cell? (p ) Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts Animal cells have centrioles It is still controversial whether Lysosomes are in animal cells or not

33. What are the characteristics of a eukaryote cell? (p ) A BOUND NUCLEUS!!!! They are a lot larger & contain many organelles.

34. What are the characteristics of a prokaryote cell? (p ) THEY HAVE NO (bound) NUCLEUS. They do contain DNA, but it floats around loosely. They are much smaller and have few organelles.

35. What is a virus? (p. 478 or glossary) Particles of nucleic acid, protein and lipids

36. What is a mutation? (p. 307 & glossary) Changes in genetic material/DNA

37. What is another word (more commonly used) for ATP? (p.203) Energy

38. What is the photosynthesis equation? (p. 206)—YOU MUST KNOW! 6H20 + 6CO2 with light C6H12O6 + 6O2

39. List the reactants of photosynthesis. (p. 206) 6 Carbon dioxide molecules & 6 water molecules

40. List the products of photosynthesis. (p. 206) 1 Carbohydrate/sugar molecule, 6 oxygen molecules

41. In what organelle does photosynthesis occur in? (p ) Chloroplasts

42. Photosynthesis is a two part process. Light is required in the first part, what is the process that is light independent called? (p. 209 & ) Calvin Cycle

43. What is the cell respiration equation? (p. 222) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H20 + 6CO2 + Energy/ATP

44. List the reactants of cellular respiration. (p. 222) 1 glucose molecule and 6 oxygen molecules

45. In what organelle does it occur? (p. 222) Mitochondria

46. What are the three steps in cellular respiration and how many ATP molecules are made in each step? (p. 222) Glycolysis(2 ATP), Krebs cycle(2 ATP) & Electron transport chain(32ATP) total is 36 ATP molecules

47. What does fermentation not need (that is needed in normal cellular respiration) and how many molecules of ATP are produced? (p. 224 & 225) Oxygen (anaerobic) makes 2 ATP in glycolysis