Bellwork: February 25, )This fishing technique involves nets that are set in a straight line, tangling the fish in the net by their gills. In 1992, the United Nations banned nets of this type longer than 1.5 miles: a.Bottom trawling b.Scoop netting c.Purse seining d.Drift netting e.Long line

Which of the following are disadvantages of aquaculture? – A. Can be used instead of fishing from the wild depleted fish resources – B. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and antibiotics may accumulate in salmon – C. Genetically modified organisms may escape an enter wild populations like an invasive species – D. B and C – E. None of these

Bellwork: February 29, 2016 Use your notes from last class to answer the following: – What is the reduction of agriculture and open land due to the development of low density housing? – What is the creation and growth of urban areas and populations around the world? – Which continents are experiencing the greatest degree of urbanization?

Why do we only have a February 29 every four years?

Bellwork: February 2, 2016 Is it possible to maximize the number of fish caught per person and the number of fish remaining at the same time?

Maximum sustainable yield

Sustainable Cities

URBANIZATION

Basics Urbanization: shift from rural to urban living Since 1950: urban pop. has quadrupled

Basics Areas that are experiencing the greatest growth in urbanization are countries in Asia and Africa Reasons include access to jobs, higher standards of living, easier access to health care, mechanization of agriculture, and access to education

Pros of Urbanization Use less land-less impact on environment Mass transit reduces individual use of fossil fuels Recycling systems more efficient Sanitation systems more efficient Better education delivery system

Cons of Urbanization Traffic Overcrowded schools Sanitation systems have greater volumes to deal with Since population densities are high, pollution levels (ozone, water and soil pollution) are higher Heat island effect Crime

Sustainable Urbanization Gardens on rooftops and parks Public transportation (rail, bus) uses less fuel and creates less pollution Recycle LEED-certified buildings (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) – Reduces waste sent to landfills – Conserves energy – Healthier and safer environment for occupants – Reduces harmful greenhouse gas emissions

SPRAWL

Sprawl Refers to the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center

People in suburbs take up more space Each person in a suburban region takes up an average of 11 times as much space as does a resident of the city proper

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Several types of development lead to sprawl

Contributing Factors (U.S.) Ample land Federal government loans Low-cost gasoline; highways Tax laws encouraged home ownership State and local zoning laws Multiple political jurisdictions: poor urban planning

Downside Constrains transportation options Increases air pollution Promotes physical inactivity More land use Drains tax dollars from existing communities Water problems

Zoning

Zoning = the practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use - Can restrict areas to a single use or can allow a combination of residential and commercial use Opponents say that zoning’s government restriction violates individual freedoms Proponents say government can set limits for the good of the community

Principles of Smart Growth Mixed land uses Compact building design Range of housing opportunities and choices Walkable neighborhoods Distinctive, attractive neighborhoods Preserve open space Develop existing communities A variety of transportation choices Predictable development decisions Community collaboration in development decisions

Livable cities Livable cities

City and Regional Planning Early standards for city planning were set by Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago City planning attempts to design cities to maximize efficiency, functionality, and beauty Regional planning has become important today Urban Growth Boundaries aim to revitalize downtowns; protect farms, forests, and their industries; and assure urban dwellers some access to open space near cities