1. Urbanization 10
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
For the first time in history, there are now more urban residents than rural residents.

3. Objectives
Differentiate between land cover and land use, and describe how people affect both
Explain how and where urbanization occurs
Describe the environmental impacts of urbanization

4. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Land Cover and Land Use
Land cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land.
Land use: Human activities that occur on land
Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects.

5. Land Cover and Environmental Science
Land cover may change as people settle there
Scientist need information regarding land cover change to assess its impact on Earth’s ecosystems

6. Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Urban and Rural Areas
Rural: Any other type of land use or land cover (includes forests, cropland, etc.)
Urban: Land mostly covered with buildings and roads (includes suburbs)

7. Urbanization Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Urbanization
Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.

8. The Rise of Cities • 80% of U.S. population is urban
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
The Rise of Cities
• 80% of U.S. population is urban
Factors that contribute to the rise of urbanization include population growth and industrialization.
Most cities are located near a transportation route such as a large body of water, railroad, or highway.
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Chicago’s location on Lake Michigan helped it grow into a large and prosperous city.
Did You Know? Since 1950, the world’s urban population has more than quadrupled. According to U.N. projections, it will double again by 2050.

9. Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Pollution: Increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution
Urban area may pay another area to take their waste and pass the cost to residents unknowingly
Urban residents are exposed to heavy metals, chemical byproducts, smog, acid rain, etc.
Noise pollution: construction
Light pollution: street lights
Poor residents typically live in more polluted areas

10. Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Heat islands: Cities, several degrees warmer than surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants.
Partially caused by infrastructure which turns areas such as grassland into pavement
Pavement in cities can be ° C hotter than surrounding air
Effect can be lessened by installing shade trees and roofs that reflect rather than absorb heat
Infrastructure: Made up of facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community. Ex: transportation, communication systems, water, power, and schools.

11. Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Imported resources: Fossil fuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials
On the contrary, if the world’s 3.3 billion urban residents were spread out evenly, it would require even more fossil fuel to transport resources to all of them

12. Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Lesson 10.1 Land Use and Urbanization
Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents such as mail, healthcare, education, water, power, etc.
Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.

13. Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation.
Leads to ideas that reduce negative environmental impacts such as renewable energy sources, ways of reducing pollution, means of recycling resources effectively
Wealthy educated people tend to buy more organic food
However, this wealth in urban areas causes them to have a larger ecological footprint than rural areas

14. Objectives Revisited
Differentiate between land cover and land use, and describe how people affect both
Explain how and where urbanization occurs
Describe the environmental impacts of urbanization

15. Lesson Sprawl
In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population lived in urban (including suburban) areas, while 35% lived rurally. In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11% rural.
Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S. cities.

16. Objectives Describe the contribution to sprawl and its patterns
Explain the impacts sprawl has on an area

17. Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
What Is Sprawl?
The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core
People move to suburbs for additional space and privacy, cheaper real estate, cleaner neighborhoods, less crimes, better schools, etc.
As people move from cities, they spend less money there and inner cities become poorer and unemployment and crime rise.
This causes even more people to move from the city and for the suburb itself to grow
Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities.

18. Primary Contributors to Sprawl
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Primary Contributors to Sprawl
Population growth
Each person lives on more land (increase in per capita land consumption)
On average, these two factors are equally important, but one may be more important than another in a specific city.

19. Sprawl of Las Vegas

20. Patterns of Sprawl Uncentered Commercial (Strip) Development:
Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Patterns of Sprawl
Uncentered Commercial (Strip) Development:
Businesses arranged in long strip along roadway with no central community

21. Patterns of Sprawl Low-Density Development:
Homes are located on large lots in residential areas far from businesses

22. Patterns of Sprawl Scattered Development:
Residential developments are built far from a city center and are not integrated with one another

23. Patterns of Sprawl Sparse Street Network
Roads are far enough apart that areas remain undeveloped

24. Lesson 10.2 Sprawl
Impacts of Sprawl
Transportation: Little to no public transportation for people on outskirts; people forced to drive cars
Pollution: Increased driving leads to pollution.
Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure
Land Use: Low density development means less land left as open space, forests, and farms
Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor with failing infrastructure

25. Objectives Revisited
Describe the contribution to sprawl and its patterns
Explain the impacts sprawl has on an area

26. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
More than 600 “new urbanist” communities are planned or in construction across North America.

27. Objectives Describe four different components of city planning
Explain the importance of mass transit options to a city and its residents
Explain the importance of open space to a livable city
Differentiate green buildings from conventional buildings
Discuss the progress toward sustainability some cities have made and its importance to the world

28. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
City Planning
City planners attempt to design cities that both work well (function) and look and feel appealing (beauty).
City planners advise on development options, transportation needs, public parks, etc.
City planners use geographic information systems (GIS) to store, manipulate, and view geographic data
Can layer maps and expose conflicts in proposed uses of land such as a processing plant too close to a school

29. City Planning
Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of development and land use
An area can be mixed use or single use.
Involves restrictions on the use of private land; some people feel it violates freedoms
Can give home owner security in knowing what can an can not be built near them

30. Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Urban Growth Boundaries (UGBs)
A line drawn around a city to separate urban areas from rural areas, with limited permission for development
Advantages: Saves 20% in infrastructure costs compared with sprawl; decreases per capita land use; promotes economic development within the city; preserve orchards, ranches, forest, farms, etc.
Disadvantages: Does not completely stop sprawl; UGB often needs to be expanded to accommodate population growth; limits rights of private landowners

31. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Smart Growth
Focuses on economic and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl
Builds “up,” not “out”
Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites

32. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
“New Urbanism”
Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive; homes, businesses, schools all close together
Requires good public transportation systems
Sometimes impossible due to zoning restrictions that don’t allow business and residential to mix and limit density
Did You Know? A 2004 study found that residents of sprawling areas were heavier on average for their height, and had increased instances of high blood pressure.

33. Transportation Options
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Transportation Options
Public transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life
Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars
Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.
Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.

34. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Open Space
Provides greenery, beauty, freedom of movement, recreation opportunities
Includes parks, playgrounds, community gardens, greenways
Regulates climate, produces oxygen, filters air and water, provides habitat
Did You Know? More than 24,000 km of abandoned public rail line in the U.S. have been converted to trails for walking, jogging, and biking.

35. Open Space
Ecological restoration: practice of restoring native communities
Removal of invasive species
Bring back original landscape
Greenways: strip of vegetated open space that connect parks or neighborhoods
Protect water quality
Increase attractiveness and property value
Serve as corridors between habitats

36. Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Green Building Design
The goals of a green building are to save energy and resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.
Motion and light sensitive heating and lighting, solar panels, climate control systems, use of natural light for heating and lighting purposes

37. Urban Sustainability Successes
Lesson 10.3 Sustainable Cities
Urban Sustainability Successes
Curitiba, Brazil
Efficient bus network
Recycling and environmental education provided
New York City
Plan underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve public transit, plant trees, clean up polluted sites, and improve open space access
The tube at this Curitiba bus stop handles fare collection for passengers boarding or exiting.

38. Objectives Revisited
Describe four different components of city planning
Explain the importance of mass transit options to a city and its residents
Explain the importance of open space to a livable city
Differentiate green buildings from conventional buildings
Discuss the progress toward sustainability some cities have made and its importance to the world