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1.What is an example of a status set that is not “President”? 2.What is your status set? 3.What is your ascribed status? 4.What is another word for “role”? 5.How are rights and obligations related? 6.What is role performance? 7.What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?

Pre-Industrial Societies

Key Terms Society Hunting and Gathering Society Horticulture Society Pastoral Societies Agricultural Society

Society People living within defined territorial borders and sharing a common culture. Pre-industrial societies are self-sufficient. It contains enough smaller social structures – family, economy, etc – to meet the needs of its members.

Hunting and Gathering Societies Survives by hunting animals and gathering edible plants. Earliest society Fewer than 50 members “Family” is the only institution in society Members share what they have with one another Generosity and hospitality are valued

Little or no concept of private property. Division of labor is limited to the sex and age distinctions in most societies. Men and women are assigned different tasks More leisure time than in any other society Few hunting and gathering societies left

Horticulture Societies Survives primarily through the growing of plants Shift from hunting and gathering society to horticulture society led to more permanent settlements. Average society was 1,000-2,000 people More emphasis on providing for the family, less on providing for other members in society

Pastoral Societies Society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals More migration, however, permanent villages can be maintained. Men take care of herds, women have a low status Can create a surplus of food, which leads to social inequality. Some people become more wealthy than others

Agricultural Societies Society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food. Transition from horticultural to agricultural society was mainly due to the invention of the PLOW. Plow allows farmers to control weeds, also turns weeds into fertilizer.

Using animals increases productivity As a result, more people are free to engage in noneconomic activities. - education, concerts, politics, etc. Cities emerge creating political, economic, and religious institutions Government replaces family as the guiding force In the past, Ag societies were headed by a King or Emperor Distinct social classes emerged for the first time Wealth/Power based on land ownership Peasants did most of the work

Economy based on trade emerged Monetary system – money rather than goods for payment began to be used. Religion and government began to be separate institutions Rulers were believed to be divinely chosen.

1. Hunting and Gathering – 2 million to 10,000 years ago 2. Horticultural Societies – 12,000 to 10,000 years ago 3. Pastoral Societies – 12,000 to 10,000 years ago 4. Agriculture Societies – 6,000 years ago